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Fig. 1.

Structure-based classification of Gram-positive bacteriocins.
Structure-based classification of Gram-positive bacteriocins.

Fig. 2.

Structural-based classification of Gram-negative bacteriocins.
Structural-based classification of Gram-negative bacteriocins.

Fig. 3.

Bacteriocin mechanism of action on a) Gram-positive and b) Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteriocin mechanism of action on a) Gram-positive and b) Gram-negative bacteria.

Fig. 4.

Timeline of bacteriocin patents reported worldwide from January 1, 2000 to August 7, 2020. Countries with the highest number of reported patents per year are shown. The figure was generated with the Patent Inspiration search engine (https://www.patentinspiration.com).CN – China, US – United States, KR – Korea, RU – Russian Federation, UA – Ukraine, CA – Canada, JP – Japan, AU – Australia, NZ – New Zealand, GE – Germany, FR – France, TW – Taiwan, AT – Austria, PL – Poland, ES – Spain, AR – Argentina, MX – Mexico, BR – Brazil, DK – Denmark, CZ – Czech Republic, HU – Hungary, ZA – South Africa, SE – Sweden, IL – Israel, GB – United Kingdom.
Timeline of bacteriocin patents reported worldwide from January 1, 2000 to August 7, 2020. Countries with the highest number of reported patents per year are shown. The figure was generated with the Patent Inspiration search engine (https://www.patentinspiration.com).CN – China, US – United States, KR – Korea, RU – Russian Federation, UA – Ukraine, CA – Canada, JP – Japan, AU – Australia, NZ – New Zealand, GE – Germany, FR – France, TW – Taiwan, AT – Austria, PL – Poland, ES – Spain, AR – Argentina, MX – Mexico, BR – Brazil, DK – Denmark, CZ – Czech Republic, HU – Hungary, ZA – South Africa, SE – Sweden, IL – Israel, GB – United Kingdom.

Biocontrol potential of bacteriocin-producing microorganisms in agriculture.

BacteriocinProducer bacteriumPhytopathogenReference
AmylocyclinB. amyloliquefaciensRalstonia solanacearum and X. campestris(Scholz et al. 2014)
Bacteriocin 32YP. aeruginosa RsB29Fusarium sp.(Sindhu et al. 2016)
Carocin DP. carotovorum subsp. carotovorumP. carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum(Grinter et al. 2012; Roh et al. 2010)
Enterocin UNAD 046E. faecalisB. theobromae, A. niger, P. expansum, P. ultimum.(David and Onifade, 2018)
Fluoricin BC8P. fluorescens BC8P. solanacearum(Sindhu et al. 2016)
GluconacinG. diazotrophicus PAL5X. albilineans and X. vasicola pv. vasculorum.(Oliveira et al. 2018)
LlpAP. putida BW11M1P. syringae(Parret et al. 2005)
Morricin 269, Kurstacin 287, Kenyacin 404, Entomocin 420, Tolworthcin 524B. thurigiensisTrichoderma spp., A. nodulans, F. graminis, F. oxysporum, Rhizopus sp., Mucor rouxii(De La Fuente-Salcido et al. 2008; Salazar-Marroquín et al. 2016)
NEP. syringae pv. ciccaroneiP. syringae subsp. savastanoi(Lavermicocca et al. 2002)
BLIS RC-2B. amyloliquefaciens RC-2R. necatrix, P. oryzae, A. tumefaciens, Xanthomonascampestris pv. campestris, C. dematium(Abriouel et al. 2011)
NEB. gladioliTatumella ptyseos(Marín-Cevada et al. 2012)
BL8B. thuringiensis subsp. tochigiensis HD868A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Cryphonectria parasitica, F. oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum.(Subramanian and Smith 2015)
PlantazolicinB. velezensis FZB42 (B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum)B. anthracis and nematodes.(Chowdhury et al. 2015)
Putidacin L1P. protegens, P. putidaP. syringae(Rooney et al. 2020)
RhizobiocinRhizobium spp.P. savastanoi(Kaur Maan and Garcha 2018)
SF4c tailocinsP. fluorescens SF4cX. vesicatoria(Príncipe et al. 2018)
Syringacin MP. syringae pv. tomato DC3000P. syringae(Li et al. 2020)

Bacteriocins with potential application as therapeutic and food preservatives.

BacteriocinProducer bacteriaTarget microorganismUseReference
1. Food preservation
AMA-K, Leucocin K7L. plantarum AMA-KEnterococcus spp., E. coli,K. pneumoniae, Listeria spp.Amasi, fermented milk product(Todorov 2008)
Aureocin A70S. aureus A70L. monocytogenesDairy product(Carlin Fagundes et al. 2016)
Bacteriocin 32YL.curvatusL. monocytogenesPork and beef(Gálvez et al. 2007)
Bacteriocin GP1L. rhamnosus GP1Staphylococcus sp.,Aeromonas sp., Lactobacillus sp.,Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp.Fish(Sarika et al. 2019)
Bovicin HC5 + NisinStreptococcus bovis HC5L. monocytogenes, S. aureusFresh cheese(Pimentel-Filho et al. 2014)
Divergicin M35Carnobacteriumdivergens M35L. monocytogenesSmoked fish(Benabbou et al. 2020)
EnterocinE.faecium FAIR-E 198Listeria spp.Feta cheese(Sarantinopoulos et al. 2002)
Enterocin 416K1E.casseliflavus IM 416K1L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888Cottage cheese(Iseppi et al. 2008)
Enterocin AS-48Enterococcus sp.L. monocytogenes, B. cereusCheese, vegetable, purees, and soups(Gálvez et al. 2007)
H1, H2, H3, H4Bacillus sp.V. alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophilla, P. stutzeriAntimicrobial used in fish(Feliatra et al. 2018)
Lacticin 3147L.lactisL. monocytogenesMatured and cottage cheese(Mills et al. 2017)
Lacticin NK24L. lactisLeuconostoc mesenteroidesKCCM 11324Seafood(Lee and Paik 2001)
Leucocin K7L. mesenteroides K7L. monocytogenesDairy product(Shi et al. 2016)
MecedocinS.macedonicusACA-DC 198C. tyrobutyricum LMG 1285TKasseri cheese(Anastasiou et al. 2009)
NEL.gasseri K7 (Rifr),L. gasseri LF221(Rifr)C. tyrobutyricumSemi-mature cheese(Bogovič Matijašić et al. 2007)
NisinLactococcus spp.,Streptococcus spp.L. monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, S. mutans,L. innocua, S. aureus,S. pneumoniae, B. cereusDairy products, meat, seafood(Juturu and Wu 2018)
Pediocin PA1P.acidilacticiL. monocytogenesDairy products, meat(Liu et al. 2008)
Plant-made salmocinsSalmonella spp.S. entericaRed meat(Schneider et al. 2018)
Plant-made colicins (GRN 676, GRN 593)E.coliE. coli, P. aeruginosa,Salmonella spp.Meat, fruits, or vegetables(Hahn-Löbmann et al. 2019)
Psicolin 126, carnocyclin AC. maltoaromaticumL. monocytogenesReady-to-eat meat products(Liu et al. 2014)
ReuterinL. reuteriE.coli, S. aureus,Candida albicansFood preservation(Helal et al. 2016)
Sakacin PL.sakeiL.monocytogenesBeef and Salmon(Teneva-Angelova et al. 2018)
Thuricin BtCspBB. thuringiensisB.cereusFood preservation and disease associate to B. cereus(Huang et al. 2016)
2. Bacterial infections
ABP118L.salivarius subsp. salivarius UCC118BacteroidesAntimicrobial agent(Riboulet-Bisson et al. 2012)
Colicins Js and ZE.coliEnteroinvasive, E. coli (EIEC) and ShigellaGastrointestinal infectionsBosák et al. 2021
Divercin V41C.divergensL. monocytogenesAntimicrobial agent(Rihakova et al. 2010)
DuramycinStreptomyces cinnamoneusB. subtilisAntimicrobial, anti-viral, immunomodulation, ion channel modulation, treatment of atherosclerosis and cystic fibrosis(Huo et al. 2017)
Enterocin CRL35E.mundtiiL. monocytogenesGastrointestinal infections(Salvucci et al. 2012)
Epidermin and mersacidin-like peptidesS.epidermidisP. acnesAcne, folliculitis.(Gillor et al. 2008)
Gallidermin/epiderminS.gallinarumS. epidermidis, S. aureusSkin infections or associated with implants and prostheses(Bengtsson et al. 2018; Bonelli et al. 2006)
Gassericin EL.gasseri EV1461Pathogens associated with vaginosisVaginal infections(Maldonado-Barragán et al. 2016)
Haemocin type BHaemophilushaemolyticusH. influenzaRespiratory infections(Latham et al. 2017)
Lactocin 160L.rhamnosusG. vaginalisUrogenital tract infections, bacterial vaginosis(Turovskiy et al. 2009)
Laterosporulin10Brevibacillus sp. strain SKDU10S. aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb H37Rv),M. smegmatis MC2 155Human microbial pathogens(Baindara et al. 2016)
MersacidinB.amyloliquefaciensMethicillin-resistantS. aureus (MRSA)Skin infection(Kruszewska et al. 2004)
Microcin J25 (lasso-peptide)E.coliS.enterica, E.coli, S.flexneriiGastrointestinal infections(Dobson et al. 2012)
Nisin A, Nisin Z, NisaplinL.lactisS.mutans, S.aureus, E.faecalis,S.mastitis, C.albicansGastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin infections, oral health(Shin et al. 2016)
Oralpeace TM (encapsulated nisin)L.lactisS. mutans, P. gingivalisDental caries, gingivitis(Perez et al. 2014)
Piscicolin 126Carnobacterium spp.Listeria spp.Antimicrobial agent(Miller and McMullen 2014)
Plantaricin 423L.plantarumListeria spp.Antimicrobial agent(Guralp et al. 2013)
PLNC8 αβL.plantarumStaphylococcus sp.,Porphyromonas gingivalisAntimicrobial agent(Bengtsson et al. 2020)
R-pyocinsP.aeruginosaP. aeruginosaAntimicrobial agent(Redero et al. 2018)
TOMM Streptolysin S (SLS)S.pyogenesClostridium sp.,Listeria sp.Hemolytic and cytotoxic activity against macrophages and neutrophils(Molloy et al. 2015)
3. Anticancer drugs
Cancer cell lines
AzurinP.aeruginosaMCF-7, UISO-Mel-2, osteosarcoma (U2OS)(Nguyen and Nguyen 2016)
Bovicin HC5S.bovis HC5MCF-7, HepG2(Rodrigues et al. 2019)
Colicin E3E.coliP388, HeLa, HS913T(Kohoutova et al. 2014
DuramycinS.cinnamoneusAsPC-1, Caco-2, Colo320, CT116, JJN3, Lovo, MCF-7, MDA-B-231, MIA PaCa-2(Rodrigues et al. 2019)
Enterocin LNS18E.thailandicusHepG2(Al-Madboly et al. 2020)
Laterosporulin LS10Brevibacillus lateroHeLa, MCF-7, H1299, HEK293T, HT1080(Baindara et al. 2016)
sporus SKDU10
M2163, M2386L.casei ATCC 334SW480(Rodrigues et al. 2019)
Microcin E492K.pneumoniaeHeLa, Burkitt lymphoma variant (RJ2.25)(Kaur and Kaur 2015)
Nisin AL.lactisHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)(Shin et al. 2016)
Pediocin K2a2-3P.acidilactici K2a2-3HT2a, HeLa(Villarante et al. 2011)
Pediocin CP2P.acidilactici CP2 MTCC501HeLa, MCF-7, HepG2, murine myeloma (Sp2/0-Ag 14)(Kumar et al. 2012)
Pep27anal2S.pneumoniaeJurkat, HL-60, AML-2, MCF-7, SNU-601(Rodrigues et al. 2019)
Plantaricin AL.plantarum C11GH4, Reh, Jurkat, PC12, N2A(Sand et al. 2013)
Plantaricin P1053L.plantarum PBS067E705(De Giani et al. 2019)
Pyocin S2P.aeruginosa 42AHepG2, Im9, murine tumor (mKS-A TU-7), human fetal foreskin fibroblast (HFFF)(Abdi-Ali et al. 2004)
SungsanpinStreptomyces spp.A549(Um et al. 2013)
SmegmatocinM.smegmatis 14468HeLa, AS-II, HGC-27, mKS-A TU-7(Kaur and Kaur 2015)
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Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology