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Morphological asymmetry in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus (Family: Sparidae) and Planiliza klunzingeri (Family: Mugilidae), collected from brackish and freshwater environments in southern Iraq

Laith A. Jawad
Laith A. Jawad
, 
Azhar A. Al-Saboonchi
Azhar A. Al-Saboonchi
, 
Zainab J. Musa
Zainab J. Musa
, 
Azhar M. Nazal
Azhar M. Nazal
 oraz 
Ahmed M. H. Al-Dirawi
Ahmed M. H. Al-Dirawi
   | 28 cze 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 28 cze 2023
Zakres stron: 228 - 239
Otrzymano: 09 sie 2022
Przyjęty: 11 kwi 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.2.07
© 2023 Laith A. Jawad et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

A) Acanthopagrus arabicus (176 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River; B) Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River
A) Acanthopagrus arabicus (176 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River; B) Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River

Figure 2

Map showing sampling locations
Map showing sampling locations

Figure 2

Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River showing the morphometric characters used in the asymmetry study. Head length, HL; snout length, SNL; eye diameter, ED; caudal peduncle length, CPL.
Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River showing the morphometric characters used in the asymmetry study. Head length, HL; snout length, SNL; eye diameter, ED; caudal peduncle length, CPL.

Comparison of the coefficient of asymmetry (CV2a) of six and five morphological characters of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri, respectively examined in the present study with those of other fish species collected from locations around the world.

Species Coefficient of asymmetry (CV2a) Reference
Snout length SnL Eye diameter ED Head length HL Caudal peduncle length CPL Number of pectoral fin ray PFR Number of lateral line scales LLS
Acanthopagrus arabicus Shatt al-Arab River 89.371 78.874 63.412 75.981 65.412 77.982 Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 87.964 75.651 64.914 73.912 65.298 74.329
Planiliza klunzingeri Shatt al-Arab River 92.751 81.376 61.286 79.518 73.298 81.297
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 87.251 79.521 69.825 77.538 70.156 80.312
Saurida tumbil 98.77 87.48 91.92 88.74 79.69 89.96 Jawad and Abed (2020)
Callionymidae Callionymus margaretae 19.10 65.00 18.57 - 31.58 - Al-Mamry et al. (2011b)
Carangidae Carangoides caeruleopinnatus 5.65 18.29 2.87 - 10.04 - Jawad et al. (2011a)
Decapterus russelli 18.37 21.36 - - 11.55 14.05 Jawad et al. (2010)
Cichlidae Coptodon guineensis 20.7 58.3 - - - 48.7 Jawad et al. (2016)
Coptodon zillii 33.48 56.09 - - 15.85 - Jawad (2002)
Sarotherodon melanotheron 28.4 49.4 - - - 48.7 Jawad et al. (2016)
Claroteidae Chrysichthys auratus 61.3 60.4 62.8 - 62.1 - Jawad and Gnohossou (2019)
Clupeidae Sardinella longiceps 123.2 125.3 98.4 - 178.7 - Jawad et al. (2012e)
Gerreidae Pentaprion longimanus 328.29 92.90 50.50   478.98   Jawad et al. (2011b)
Hemiramphidae Rhynchorhamphus georgii 2.44 121.30 0.51 - 24.20 - Al-Mamry et al. (2011a)
Leiognathidae Leiognathus equula 25.76 0 17.03   3.25   Al-Mamry et al. (2011a)
Mugilidae Mugil cephalus 62.2 59.6 58.4 - 60.1 - Jawad and Gnohossou (2019)
Mullidae Upeneus doriae 1.35 0 25.81 - 4.47 - Jawad et al. (2012d)
Pinguipedidae Parapercis alboguttata 59.64 - 12.39 - 34.70 6.81 Jawad et al. (2012a)
Scombridae Auxis thazard 154.57 55.74 12.11 - 47.33 - Jawad et al. (2012c)
Rastrelliger kanagurta 12.19 35.30 - - 35.30 - Jawad et al. (2001)
Siganidae Siganus rivulatus 24.62 47.08 8.84 - 80.75 - Al-Mamry et al. (2011–2012)
Siluridae Heteropneustes fossilis 95.78 - - - 87.24 - Al-Hassan et al. (1990)
Sparidae Boops boops 3.03 23.98 - - 36.69 - Jawad (2003)
Diplodus annularis 35.49 18.60 - - 10.43 -
Diplodus vulgaris 28.14 9.53 - - - -
Lithognathus mormyrus 26.31 35.30 - - - -
Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus sceleratus 74.88 22.8 9.677 - 39.7 - Jawad (2013)

The heavy metal concentrations in the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal sediments and comparison with sediment quality guideline and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 dry weight)

Location Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Reference
Shatt al-Arab River 0.76 ± 0.4 84.47 ± 4.4 28.9 ± 4.7 25272 ± 920 29.71 ± 7.4 2.38 ± 2.1 Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 0.76 ± 0.1 13.41 ± 2.1 22.56 ± 9.8 22732 ± 4084 28.21 ± 6.7 4.03 ± 2.0
Shatt al-Arab River 0.17 – 2.8 81.8 – 112.4 21.8 – 44.0 5452 – 7584 530 – 811 11.3 – 28.1 Abaychi and Douable 1985
Shatt al-Arab River 0.3 48.1 39.6 6205 57.2 19.0 Abaychi and Al-Saad 1988

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr + 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

  Location Characters
Snout length Eye diameter Head length Caudal peduncle length Pectoral fin ray count Number of lateral line scales
Acanthopagrus arabicus
CV2a Shatt al-Arab River 89.371 78.874 63.412 75.981 65.412 77.982
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 87.964 75.651 64.914 73.912 65.298 74.329
N Shatt al-Arab River 50 50 50 50 50 50
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 50 50 50 50 50 50
Character mean (Xr + 1) Shatt al-Arab River 0.9 1.4 3.65 1.3 12.5 37
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 0.80 1.29 3.59 1.29 12.40 36
% of individuals with asymmetry Shatt al-Arab River 83 85 86 89 86 87
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 81 82 82 86 81 82
Planiliza klunzingeri
CV2a Shatt al-Arab River 92.751 81.376 61.286 79.518 73.298 -
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 87.251 79.521 69.825 77.538 70.156 -
N Shatt al-Arab River 50 50 50 50 50 -
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 50 50 50 50 50 -
Character mean (Xr + 1) Shatt al-Arab River 0.7 1.95 3.30 1.55 13.5 -
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 0.6 1.86 3.29 1.53 13.3 -
% of individuals with asymmetry Shatt al-Arab River 89 87 88 91 89 -
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 76 74 81 89 87 -

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

Character CV2a N Character mean % of individuals with asymmetry
Acanthopagrus arabicus
Shatt al-Arab River
Snout length
101 – 130 76.354 10 0.90 70
131 – 150 78.426 25 0.87 86
151 – 180 80.631 15 0.86 92
Eye diameter
101 – 130 65.981 10 1.40 67
131 – 150 67.421 25 1.38 87
151 – 180 72.332 15 1.40 93
Head length
101 – 130 77.541 10 3.64 88
131 – 150 79.981 25 3.62 79
151 – 180 81.321 15 3.65 91
Caudal peduncle length
101 -130 65.552 10 1.29 95
131 – 150 69.442 25 1.30 93
151 – 180 71.332 15 1.28 86
Number of pectoral fin rays
101 – 130 67.771 10 12.4 88
131 – 150 69.991 25 12.5 79
151 – 180 72.441 15 12.2 95
Number of lateral line scales
101 – 130 81.932 10 37 93
131 – 150 82.554 25 36 90
151 – 180 84.221 15 35 87
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Snout length
101 – 130 55.221 10 0.79 88
131 – 150 56.551 25 0.80 76
151 – 180 57.112 15 0.78 82
Eye diameter
101 – 130 61.331 10 1.28 91
131 – 150 61.998 25 1.29 87
151 – 180 62.778 15 1.27 88
Head length
101 – 130 73.221 10 3.58 77
131 – 150 74.001 25 3.59 43
151 – 180 75.112 15 3.57 88
Caudal peduncle length
101 – 130 81.239 10 1.28 92
131 – 150 81.998 25 1.29 90
151 – 180 82.552 15 1.29 94
Number of pectoral fin rays
101 – 130 77.321 10 12.40 89
131 – 150 77.998 25 12.39 85
151 – 180 78.999 15 12.38 84
Number of lateral line scales
101 – 130 78.8871 10 36 78
131 – 150 78.999 25 36 89
151 – 180 79.932 15 36 95

The heavy metal concentrations in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal and comparison with guidelines and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg l-1)

Location Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Reference
Shatt al-Arab River 0.02 ± 0.002 0.009 ± 0.005 0.01 ± 0.001 0.9 ± 0.4 0.004 ± 0.002 0.03 ± 0.007 Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal 0.02 ± 0.012 0.059 ± 0.004 0.01 ± 0.003 0.89 ± 0.95 0.059 ± 0.006 0.025 ± 0.007
Shatt al-Arab River 3.01 - 2.35 89.45 9.51 7.58 Al-Hejuje et al. 2017
WHO 0.01 0.05 2 - 0.02 0.05 WHO, 1993
EC 5 50 2 0.2 20 10 EC, 1989

Spectral lines used in emission measurements and the instrumental detection limit for the elements measured by using ICP–AES

Element Wave length (nm) Instrumental detection limit (μg l-1)
Cd 227.9 0.001
Cr 268.7 0.006
Cu 325.9 0.013
Fe 258.6 0.07
Ni 230.7 0.05
Pb 221.5 0.05

The heavy metal concentrations of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri samples from the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 wet weight)

Location/species Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Reference
Shatt al-Arab River
Acanthopaqrus arabicus 0.18 ± 0.07 1.19 ± 0.73 3.85 ± 2.18 16.65 ± 6.99 1.28 ± 1.18 2.15 ± 2.09 Present study
Planiliza klunzingeri 0.19 ± 0.06 1.20 ± 0.73 3.90 ± 2.20 16.95 ± 6.89 1.30 ± 1.19 2.17 ± 2.12
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Acanthopagrus arabicus 0.17 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.74 3.81 ± 2.16 16.96 ± 6.79 1.29 ± 1.17 2.15 ± 2.10 Present study
Planiliza klunzingeri 0.20 ± 0.05 1.19 ± 0.71 3.85 ± 2.13 16.99 ± 6.69 1.99 ± 6.69 2.17 ± 2.15
Avşar Dam Lake, Turkey 0.17 ± 0.07 1.18 ± 0.73 3.85 ± 2.18 1116.55 ± 6.99 1.27 ± 1.18 2.14 ± 2.09 Öztürk et al. 2009

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

Character CV2a N Character mean % of individuals with asymmetry
Planiliza klunzingeri
Shatt al-Arab River
Snout length
141 – 150 89.751 20 0.70 89
151 – 160 90.332 15 0.68 93
161 – 170 91.256 10 0.70 96
171 – 180 92.665 5 0.69 92
Eye diameter
141 – 150 81.998 20 1.96 88
151 – 160 83.552 15 1.98 85
161 – 170 84.998 10 1.95 82
171 – 180 85.002 5 1.95 89
Head length
141 – 150 88.286 20 3.29 78
151 – 160 88.990 15 3.30 77
161 – 170 89.543 10 3.28 75
171 – 180 90.432 5 3.30 86
Caudal peduncle length
141 – 150 78.998 20 1.49 91
151 – 160 80.442 15 1.54 99
161 – 170 85.678 10 1.55 98
171 – 180 88.965 5 1.53 99
Number of pectoral fin rays
141 – 150 75.664 20 13.4 77
151 – 160 78.987 15 13.5 69
161 – 170 80.425 10 13.6 89
171 – 180 84.763 5 13.5 98
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Snout length
141 – 150 88.776 15 0.58 77
151 – 160 88.995 20 0.59 86
161 – 170 89.435 10 0.60 87
171 – 180 90.993 5 0.57 89
Eye diameter
141 – 150 79.998 15 1.85 92
151 – 160 80.554 20 1.87 97
161 – 170 85.667 10 1.86 98
171 –180 88.798 5 1.84 99
Head length
141 – 150 68.998 15 3.28 96
151 – 160 69.443 20 3.26 97
161 – 170 71.775 10 3.29 87
171 – 180 72.003 5 3.25 88
Caudal peduncle length
141 – 150 79.998 15 1.52 84
151 – 160 80.332 20 1.54 85
161 – 170 83.665 10 1.53 88
171 – 180 87.442 5 1.53 89
Number of pectoral fin rays
141 – 150 80.366 15 13.2 98
151 – 160 83.281 20 13.3 98
161 – 170 84.987 10 13.5 99
171 – 180 87.669 5 13.3 92
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