Assessment of heavy metal pollution in seawater, benthic flora and fauna and their ability to survive under stressors along the northern Red Sea, Egypt

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Hyrtios protius (grey sponge)	852.10 ± 117.19	16.30 ± 2.46	19.80 ± 0.13	6.55 ± 0.14	6.30 ± 1.80	BDL	BDL
	Plakinastrella onkodes (black sponge)	1402.95 ± 375.01	75.75 ± 1.97	54.05 ± 0.06	9.85 ± 0.32	12.65 ± 1.09	BDL	0.25 ± 0.08
	Acropora polystoma	162.30 ± 5.27	5.70 ± 1.71	8.65 ± 0.10	6.65 ± 0.09	5.65 ± 2.02	10.70 ± 3.28	2.85 ± 0.01
	Stylophora pistillata	255.90 ± 13.28	0.75 ± 0.04	12.65 ± 0.10	0.85 ± 0.25	3.75 ± 0.51	BDL	0.10 ± 0.01
	Favites complanata	161.95 ± 25.78	4.90 ± 0.57	5.30 ± 0.05	2.45 ± 1.02	10.20 ± 2.14	BDL	0.55 ± 0.09
	Strombus triangulatus	127.05 ± 60.22	4.45 ± 0.48	6.25 ± 0.05	0.60 ± 0.14	3.25 ± 0.99	BDL	BDL
	Tridacna maxima	294.85 ± 35.17	9.05 ± 2.38	14.00 ± 0.07	BDL	1.20 ± 1.01	27.60 ± 1.14	4.70 ± 1.02
	Murex tribulus	220.85 ± 22.70	10.10 ± 1.47	45.70 ± 0.29	10.95 ± 3.12	4.75 ± 0.82	BDL	1.85 ± 0.38
	Tripneaustus gratella	152.25 ± 18.15	8.80 ± 1.26	8.35 ± 0.10	BDL	1.35 ± 0.24	BDL	0.35 ± 0.08
	Clypeaster audouini	531.40 ± 63.28	14.00 ± 0.81	7.45 ± 0.12	1.25 ± 0.06	3.90 ± 0.61	BDL	0.10 ± 0.005
Summer	Hyrtios protius (grey sponge)	465.65 ± 60.24	14.50 ± 0.09	25.95 ± 1.25	4.50 ± 0.91	2.30 ± 1.05	BDL	0.40 ± 0.14
	Plakinastrella onkodes (black sponge)	2011.31 ± 420.1	13.75 ± 0.99	60.90 ± 2.41	22.95 ± 2.41	24.75 ± 6.57	51.30 ± 5.19	2.55 ± 0.48
	Stylophora pistillata	85.10 ± 9.46	8.65 ± 0.96	4.40 ± 2.01	BDL	BDL	BDL	0.10 ± 0.02
	Favia maritima	59.85 ± 3.14	13.30 ± 2.49	3.25 ± 0.31	BDL	4.10 ± 1.22	BDL	0.15 ± 0.05
	Acropora polystoma	64.20 ± 3.71	7.90 ± 1.26	5.60 ± 1.95	BDL	BDL	BDL	0.80 ± 0.14
	Tubipora musica	233.45 ± 80.19	24.25 ± 5.91	16.95 ± 0.94	BDL	3.25 ± 0.68	BDL	0.45 ± 0.01
	Platygyra lamellina	74.65 ± 18.72	10.40 ± 6.17	14.90 ± 11.03	0.55 ± 0.01	3.30 ± 0.71	BDL	1.00 ± 0.23
	Porites lobate	60.70 ± 20.16	7.25 ± 0.63	4.00 ± 0.47	BDL	1.85 ± 0.33	BDL	BDL
	Galaxia fasciularis	61.90 ± 18.22	8.90 ± 0.15	18.70 ± 16.44	0.25 ± 0.03	1.10 ± 0.45	BDL	BDL
	Dendronephthia hemprichi	131.55 ± 23.15	10.60 ± 0.06	196.95 ± 11.02	1.30 ± 0.009	1.00 ± 0.08	5.90 ± 1.13	2.20 ± 0.61
	Sinularia polydactyla	89.60 ± 6.28	4.20 ± 0.13	26.35 ± 6.45	16.20 ± 2.55	0.75 ± 0.26	10.35 ± 7.18	1.50 ± 0.81
	Tridacna gigas	129.15 ± 19.44	21.10 ± 7.16	16.05 ± 0.77	0.30 ± 0.005	2.05 ± 0.77	11.60 ± 5.16	1.65 ± 0.03
	Tectus dentatus	127.70 ± 14.17	3.90 ± 0.07	11.80 ± 0.42	1.25 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.03	40.85 ± 3.14	1.50 ± 0.51
	Strombus triangulates	97.85 ± 15.33	3.75 ± 0.01	17.40 ± 0.30	BDL	0.70 ± 0.18	8.45 ± 1.25	2.15 ± 0.92
	Echinometra mathaei	59.30 ± 2.61	10.45 ± 0.08	4.80 ± 0.40	BDL	3.95 ± 0.84	BDL	0.05 ± 0.002
	Ophiocoma scolopendrina	180.95 ± 7.84	11.60 ± 2.17	76.65 ± 3.25	3.35 ± 0.71	5.40 ± 1.32	37.10 ± 2.15	6.70 ± 1.23
	Clypeaster audouini	320.05 ± 35.08	5.25 ± 1.24	11.55 ± 1.23	BDL	1.05 ± 0.65	35.70 ± 2.04	1.40 ± 0.09
	Astropecten irregularis	240.95 ± 69.24	5.75 ± 2.34	105.70 ± 2.52	5.50 ± 0.05	25.15 ± 3.12	BDL	1.85 ± 0.05

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Hurghada during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Laurencia majuscule	1848.39 ± 124.23	153.10 ± 4.88	85.00 ± 1.00	9.20 ± 2.41	4.90 ± 0.20	7.35 ± 1.82	2.65 ± 0.15
	Halimeda tuna	1401.90 ± 133.01	23.40 ± 1.21	15.15 ± 1.11	3.45 ± 0.31	5.05 ± 0.61	7.50 ± 0.15	1.55 ± 0.05
	Halophila stipulacea (Seagrass)	595.90 ± 21.56	36.95 ±1.45	24.25 ± 2.14	4.30 ± 0.52	13.30 ± 1.23	BDL	1.65 ± 0.03
	Dictyopteris acrostichoides	1202.70 ± 85.78	28.25 ± 1.75	23.75 ± 0.12	4.45 ± 0.21	BDL	BDL	1.75 ± 0.07
	Cystoseira indica	858.45 ± 65.19	27.60 ± 2.19	19.15 ± 0.22	1.30 ± 0.08	2.70 ± 0.33	2.25 ± 0.44	1.05 ± 0.01
	Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass)	1070.05 ± 101.22	28.35 ± 1.26	24.60 ± 2.10	6.30 ± 1.11	11.30 ± 0.55	BDL	0.30 ± 0.002
	Digenea simplex	1413.75 ± 98.77	57.15 ± 3.18	16.05 ± 3.11	2.55 ± 0.41	13.8 5± 0.54	0.65 ± 0.009	1.85 ± 0.51
Summer	Sargassum cinereum	343.40 ± 25.31	11.90 ± 1.25	6.30 ± 1.02	1.05 ± 0.21	7.55 ± 1.07	13.50 ± 2.35	1.40 ± 0.51
	Galaxaura marginata	853.05 ± 30.15	61.55 ± 6.25	16.50 ± 2.11	5.30 ± 0.91	4.80 ± 1.26	BDL	1.25 ± 0.62
	Padina boryana	1734.52 ± 119.98	98.55 ± 8.71	14.10 ± 0.81	4.25 ± 0.23	25.25 ± 3.21	11.90 ± 2.13	1.85 ± 0.19
	Halimeda tuna	499.70 ± 121.30	16.20 ± 3.21	8.45 ± 0.61	10.80 ± 4.61	4.80 ± 1.02	6.95 ± 1.45	0.90 ± 0.003
	Caulerpa racemosa	596.50 ± 97.26	21.80 ± 2.61	7.65 ± 1.43	11.90 ± 2.03	7.50 ± 1.46	2.40 ± 0.24	0.95 ± 0.007
	Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass)	985.00 ± 140.85	35.65 ± 4.51	21.8 ± 3.21	10.90 ± 1.41	7.80 ± 2.13	0.35 ± 0.06	0.45 ± 0.008

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Halophila stipulacea (Seagrass)	1197.65 ± 85.46	61.10 ± 2.45	37.95 ± 6.31	10.75 ± 1.28	2.30 ± 0.92	2.30 ± 0.09	1.40 ± 0.18
	Padina boryana	1293.20 ± 141.84	73.15 ± 3.85	44.00 ± 5.81	5.70 ± 2.91	BDL	3.75 ± 0.84	1.50 ± 0.16
	Halodule uninervis (Seagrass)	501.15 ± 110.21	24.35 ± 2.48	14.35 ± 0.73	3.55 ± 0.52	0.70 ± 0.008	9.30 ± 1.25	1.25 ± 0.14
Summer	Galaxaura marginata	1160.45 ± 221.03	88.70 ± 5.16	48.20 ± 13.38	18.75 ± 2.81	24.45 ± 11.21	17.70 ± 3.06	1.05 ± 0.006
	Halimeda tuna	528.95 ± 75.24	32.90 ± 4.61	22.00 ± 4.61	8.90 ± 1.74	0.10 ± 0.001	3.45 ± 0.22	0.40 ± 0.007
	Halodule uninervis (Seagrass)	1074.10 ± 126.15	24.10 ± 2.55	22.75 ± 5.81	7.90 ± 3.91	19.70 ± 1.51	6.65 ± 0.81	0.90 ± 0.001

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Digenea simplex	1615.29 ± 133.08	66.95 ± 4.51	24.4 ± 2.74	5.00 ± 1.52	14.75 ± 2.41	15.05 ± 1.52	0.25 ± 0.09
	Sargassum cinereum	913.60 ± 120.71	29.40 ± 6.71	31.60 ± 3.64	1.35 ± 0.64	7.00 ± 1.29	BDL	2.20 ± 1.42
	Coralline berteroi	1000.65 ± 95.14	28.00 ± 2.64	25.75 ± 8.47	5.10 ± 0.83	2.10 ± 0.55	2.70 ± 0.08	1.40 ± 0.44
	Galaxaura marginata	1067.00 ± 109.35	42.95 ± 4.81	30.35 ± 6.19	6.70 ± 0.99	2.45 ± 0.84	2.90 ± 0.03	0.90 ± 0.01
Summer	Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass)	335.35 ± 96.66	21.30 ± 3.62	19.20 ± 3.33	7.00 ± 0.59	1.40 ± 0.08	BDL	0.80 ± 0.007
	Sargassum cinereum	285.15 ± 86.24	9.50 ± 0.63	9.10 ± 1.63	5.45 ± 1.26	4.75 ± 0.41	1.50 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.001
	Padina boryana	2673.90 ± 250.17	188.35 ± 12.31	68.45 ± 6.53	28.70 ± 4.15	50.75 ± 1.00	13.85 ± 2.14	2.05 ± 0.94

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass)	1320.10 ± 201.14	23.90 ± 2.11	45.95 ± 17.24	15.50 ± 1.52	53.00 ± 5.55	3.95 ± 0.82	0.90 ± 0.12
	Cladophora sp.	2570.47 ± 165.41	151 ± 23.35	47.40 ± 6.22	15.80 ± 1.26	45.90 ± 12.33	BDL	2.15 ± 0.09
	Padina boryana	2589.64 ± 356.19	169.85 ± 19.24	63.30 ± 9.57	13.65 ± 2.71	35.35 ± 7.24	12.10 ± 1.21	21.00 ± 2.53
	Chaetomorpha crassa	1432.20 ± 221.03	26.15 ± 2.81	13.95 ± 1.45	2.50 ± 1.26	4.45 ± 1.01	4.00 ± 1.71	1.90 ± 0.07
	Ulva lactuca	1859.14 ± 195.46	50.15 ± 8.36	22.35 ± 3.62	5.95 ± 0.81	6.55 ± 1.28	BDL	1.60 ± 0.04
Summer	Sargassum cinereum	271.70 ± 94.51	7.60 ± 0.91	10.30 ± 0.92	5.95 ± 1.32	7.20 ± 0.37	BDL	5.00 ± 0.22
	Halophila stipulacea (Seagrass)	642.90 ± 136.46	29.35 ± 2.46	18.65 ± 0.94	23.55 ± 6.52	9.95 ± 1.24	BDL	1.00 ± 0.91
	Cladophora sp.	2517.63 ± 521.51	120.20 ± 35.19	54.25 ± 12.18	34.10 ± 3.42	44.90 ± 3.19	12.70 ± 2.14	1.25 ± 0.008

Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater at the study sites along the northern Red Sea in comparison with other studies in Egypt and worldwide

Site	Metal concentrations (μg l⁻¹)							Reference
Site	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd	Reference
Ras Gharieb	7.86–26.10	0.02–0.12	2.05–2.77	0.81–1.54	0.40–1.74	BDL-0.92	0.24–0.09	Present study
Hurghada	9.73–22.14	0.07-ND	2.81–1.83	1.09–1.32	0.33–1.88	1.00–0.17	0.26–0.15
Safaga	10.62–19.55	BDL-0.56	3.03–2.07	2.09–1.46	0.80–2.06	0.07–2.19	0.23–0.16
Qusier	14.17–27.95	BDL-0.17	3.13–5.63	0.88–1.08	0.45–1.57	0.39–2.34	0.26–0.10
Red Sea	1.21–1.77	0.10–0.16	0.16–0.27	0.11–0.15	0.11–0.16	0.25–0.37	0.23–0.59	Shriadah et al. 2003
Gulf of Aqaba	1.07–3.05	0.11–0.16	0.17–0.36	0.10–0.19	0.17–0.27	0.29–0.35	0.55–0.59	Shriadah et al. 2003
Abu Shaar lagoon (Hurghada)	8.50–58.70	0.34–1.58	0.28–10.30	0.02–0.80	---	BDL-2.24	BDL-0.73	Abdel-Wahab et al. 2005
Safaga lagoon	24.83–66.96	0.97–1.75	1.55–10.67	0.54–2.42	---	0.11–1.26	0.07–0.25
Shuni lagoon	5.14–44.94	BDL-1.50	2.28–3.97	0.20–1.46	---	0.30–0.98	BDL
Abu Ghsoun lagoon	11.60–32.01	BDL-0.66	0.77–5.37	BDL-2.18	---	0.04–0.21	0.03–0.13
Hurghada Harbor (Red Sea)	7.22–83.51	BDL-194	2.65–11.41	BDL-14.79	BDL-83	BDL-7.87	0.51–0.92	Madkour & Dar 2007
Northern Red Sea	9.10–28.35	---	7.18–15.21	2.08–5.23	2.33–5.80	0.37–0.80	0.13–0.43	Ali et al. 2011
Hurghada	---	0.80–15.92	0.12–43.11	0.01–10.66	---	0.14–46.52	0.11–1.11	Dar et al. 2016
Safaga	---	9.23–16.29	7.23–167.70	4.57–18.13	---	16.25–61.10	0.28–1.11
Hamrawin	---	13.83–18.80	32.60–101.40	7.41–12.86	---	20.86–32.36	0.84–1.44
Northern part of Red Sea	8.68–36.53	0.06–0.39	0.94–12.07	0.39–4.71	0.16–2.15	0.73–5.84	0.14–0.42	Abouhend & El-Moselhy 2015
Shalateen	2.02–15.15	0.09–1.20	3.28–9.34	0.89–2.59	---	1.43–3.46	0.14–0.63	El-Metwally 2015
Qulaan	5.93–22.14	0.26–1.15	1.03–6.22	0.61–1.48	---	0.44–2.10	BDL-0.37
Abu Ghosoun	8.86–16.11	0.14–0.66	0.84–3.94	0.60–1.15	---	0.95–3.76	0.06–0.46
Abu Dabab	8.19–13.07	0.05–0.78	1.50–4.54	0.56–2.14	---	0.76–1.94	0.02–0.53
Sharm Al Bahari	11.31–24.02	0.09–0.75	1.74–11.57	0.65–1.95	---	0.65–2.83	0.04–0.25
El-Hamrawin	7.48–16.67	0.14–0.97	1.38–16.68	0.61–2	---	1.34–2.66	0.13–0.41
Sharm ElNaqa	6.64–11.31	0.12–0.65	1.39–3.53	0.59–2.13	---	0.29–2.18	0.07–0.14
Hurghada	8.83–15.30	0.12–0.75	2.34–3.38	0.83–2.18	---	1–3.38	0.04–0.27
Ras Gharieb	9.65–18.30	0.11–0.63	1.11–7.93	1.11–2.05	---	0.81–4.14	0.07–0.29
Suez	13.16–51.96	0.13–1.04	3.72–22.68	2.01–3.34	---	2.56–5.54	0.12–0.18
(Oman Sea)	11.52–25.36	2.12–8.67	5.32–22.62	1.06–5.74	3.20–17.14	0.98–4.52	0.1–0.19	Bazzi 2014
South Australia n Coastline	176–348	6.5–157	14–67	0.9–64.20	0.3–1.90	0.4–55	0.13–0.80	Chakraborty et al. 2013
Persian Gulf	---	---	---	---	41–97.44	0.5–8.3	BDL-3.92	Rahmanpour et al. 2014
Gorgan bay, Iran	---	---	1.18–6.2	0.2–2.48	---	0.96–7.10	1–4.7	Raeisi et al. 2014
(Red Sea) KSA	2.78–6.34	0.05–0.128	0.12–0.67	0.05–0.12	0.86–1.46	0.17–0.63	0.017–1.09	Al-Wesabi et al. 2015

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Pocillopora damicornis	225.95 ± 38.56	10.70 ± 3.16	9.15 ± 0.90	1.25 ± 0.09	5.55 ± 1.63	BDL	BDL
	Favites abdita	119.35 ± 13.49	9.05 ± 2.19	9.15 ± 1.78	4.90 ± 0.51	7.75 ± 2.88	BDL	BDL
	Stylophora pistillata	177.05 ± 10.18	10.90 ± 0.91	6.50 ± 0.80	1.80 ± 0.08	1.00 ± 0.27	BDL	1.15 ± 0.06
	Acropora humilis	143.45 ± 14.75	13.05 ± 6.01	6.40 ± 0.81	0.70 ± 0.03	3.00 ± 1.61	BDL	0.25 ± 0.13
	Acropora pharoaonis	89.50 ± 27.62	15.70 ± 4.13	33.20 ± 1.91	0.75 ± 0.04	2.85 ± 0.80	BDL	0.20 ± 0.04
	Porites solida	77.85 ± 9.57	8.15 ± 0.88	7.15 ± 1.90	0.65 ± 0.11	3.75 ± 0.47	BDL	BDL
Summer	Plakinastrella onkodes (black sponge)	1768.09 ± 575.15	246.30 ± 9.16	323.75 ±5 2.33	27.15 ± 4.12	14.80 ± 4.22	39.40 ± 8.31	3.60 ± 0.61
	Stylophora pistillata	218.05 ± 96.41	8.60 ± 0.63	14.05 ± 0.17	BDL	2.55 ± 0.31	5.35 ± 1.33	1.25 ± 0.04
	Ctenactis crassa	134.05 ± 19.18	4.30 ± 0.08	10.55 ± 0.08	0.55 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.09	4.95 ± 0.54	1.60 ± 0.07
	Favites abdita	121.20 ± 17.09	5.25 ± 0.51	25.20 ± 0.84	4.40 ± 0.62	5.95 ± 2.11	0.45 ± 0.03	1.00 ± 0.01
	Acropora austere	118.60 ± 13.12	5.65 ± 3.12	21.15 ± 3.12	BDL	1.65 ± 0.59	5.95 ± 0.90	1.60 ± 0.03
	Sinularia polydactyla	189.50 ± 33.11	9.70 ± 4.31	242.75 ± 152.01	BDL	5.35 ± 3.16	0.90 ± 0.34	2.25 ± 0.33
	Tridacna maxima	211.15 ± 57.48	7.50 ± 1.28	11.55 ± 5.70	BDL	0.85 ± 0.07	12.05 ± 2.01	0.75 ± 0.19
	Murex tribulus	317.30 ± 61.90	4.90 ± 0.82	66.65 ± 1.26	309.16 ± 81.2	1.60 ± 0.04	BDL	2.90 ± 0.41

Australian and New Zealand guidelines (ANZECC 1992; ARMCANZ 2000) for marine water quality (μg l−1)

Metals	Heavy metal limits in seawater (μg l⁻¹) for a given level of protection of marine species
Metals	99%	95%	90%	80%
Zn	7	15	23	43
Cu	0.3	1.3	3	8
Ni	7	70	200	560
Pb	2.2	4.4	6.6	12
Cd	0.7	5.5	14	36

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Acropora austere	112.50 ± 5.12	12.13 ± 1.23	9.50 ± 0.06	BDL	2.75 ± 0.07	BDL	BDL
	Stylophora pistillata	160.10 ± 3.71	6.10 ± 1.18	9.60 ± 0.21	0.80 ± 0.4	2.95 ± 0.06	BDL	BDL
	Sarcophyton trocheliophorum	74.85 ± 10.19	4.91 ± 0.08	77.85 ± 0.16	4.12 ± 1.01	6.74 ± 1.22	7.02 ± 5.10	3.02 ± 0.09
	Strombus triangulates	61.20 ± 2.99	5.35 ± 0.04	17.00 ± 0.02	BDL	2.90 ± 0.03	BDL	BDL
	Echinometra mathaei	115.90 ± 9.44	10.65 ± 2.14	17.55 ± 0.41	2.40 ± 0.02	1.70 ± 1.03	65.55 ± 3.91	5.50 ± 1.33
Summer	Acropora austere	85.48 ± 13.15	4.75 ± 0.06	12.98 ± 0.11	BDL	5.98 ± 1.24	20.15 ± 0.91	1.03 ± 0.27
	Stylophora pistillata	180.10 ± 22.40	9.70 ± 0.56	17.40 ± 0.52	BDL	5.20 ± 2.19	BDL	0.90 ± 0.03
	Sarcophyton trocheliophorum	86.70 ± 12.03	6.05 ± 1.20	80.45 ± 1.02	2.40 ± 0.92	8.45 ± 3.61	5.45 ± 0.19	1.10 ± 0.73
	Heteroxenia fuscescens	240.50 ± 29.81	14.50 ± 1.18	446.59 ± 61.45	0.65 ± 0.10	4.45 ± 0.28	BDL	3.05 ± 0.06
	Echinometra mathaei	165.35 ± 31.15	6.30 ± 2.40	29.95 ± 0.06	BDL	1.55 ± 0.08	8.90 ± 1.22	1.55 ± 0.03

Marine benthic flora collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Phyla	Specimen name	Winter				Summer
Phyla	Specimen name	Ras Gharieb	Hurghada	Safaga	Qusier	Ras Gharieb	Hurghada	Safaga	Qusier
Seagrass	Halophila stipulacea		√	√					√
	Halodule uninervis			√				√
	Halodule pinifolia		√		√	√	√
Seaweed	Halimeda tuna		√				√	√
	Cladophora sp.				√				√
	Chaetomorpha crassa				√
	Ulva lactuca				√
	Caulerpa racemosa						√
	Padina boryana			√	√	√	√
	Dictyopteris acrostichoides		√
	Cystoseira indica		√
	Sargassum cinereum	√				√	√		√
	Laurencia majuscula		√
	Digenea simplex	√	√
	Coralline berteroi	√
	Galaxaura marginata	√					√	√

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Season	Specimen name	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cd
Winter	Plakinastrella onkodes (black sponge)	1817.81 ± 260.48	33.40 ± 4.72	61.45 ± 0.54	78.60 ± 3.48	31.95 ± 4.21	18.65 ± 0.21	3.65 ± 0.05
	Platygyra carnosus	178.10 ± 10.02	9.45 ± 1.55	6.00 ± 0.02	2.05 ± 0.03	4.10 ± 0.18	BDL	BDL
	Favia pallida	157.55 ± 13.19	9.70 ± 1.99	7.90 ± 0.42	3.60 ± 1.23	2.65 ± 0.09	BDL	BDL
	Favites complanata	128.25 ± 9.29	8.80 ± 0.96	7.60 ± 0.35	3.55 ± 0.80	5.10 ± 1.02	BDL	0.35 ± 0.08
	Porites mayeri	255.90 ± 11.45	7.20 ± 0.18	17.85 ± 0.17	1.00 ± 0.02	5.45 ± 0.51	BDL	BDL
	Millopora dichtoma	82.45 ± 6.55	6.40 ± 0.27	39.10 ± 0.51	2.05 ± 0.17	1.20 ± 0.07	29.70 ± 4.06	6.45 ± 0.29
	Acropora valida	99.25 ± 3.47	8.65 ± 2.30	33.25 ± 0.29	1.05 ± 0.33	5.80 ± 2.50	93.15 ± 8.88	12.80 ± 1.36
	Acropora clathrata	160.90 ± 18.42	7.40 ± 1.36	26.30 ± 0.60	0.05 ± 0.001	3.15 ± 0.42	131.55 ± 11.02	11.40 ± 0.94
	Ctenactis crassa	205.70 ± 29.71	12.55 ± 4.21	6.75 ± 0.88	1.45 ± 0.78	6.65 ± 0.96	BDL	BDL
	Pocillopora damicornis	181.00 ± 18.40	8.50 ± 0.18	7.55 ± 1.15	1.90 ± 0.41	BDL	BDL	BDL
	Stylophora pistillata	144.10 ± 22.49	6.75 ± 0.19	40.70 ± 1.05	0.75 ± 0.15	0.55 ± 0.18	22.35 ± 1.55	3.40 ± 0.07
	Crassostrea sp.	98.70 ± 13.09	9.35 ± 2.15	101.05 ± 2.02	9.35 ± 3.12	4.85 ± 1.223	BDL	BDL
	Diadema setosum	993.00 ± 127.66	22.30 ± 3.25	18.55 ± 0.56	3.65 ± 0.64	5.40 ± 0.86	BDL	0.80 ± 0.03
Summer	Pocillopora verrucosa	199.15 ± 16.23	5.45 ± 0.61	18.50 ± 2.31	BDL	4.60 ± 0.51	BDL	2.00 ± 0.91
	Acropora hemprichii	144.50 ± 22.03	0.85 ± 0.13	29.95 ± 0.92	BDL	1.50 ± 0.06	20.50 ± 3.12	2.35 ± 0.05
	Millopora dichtoma	82.25 ± 7.42	3.15 ± 0.17	21.90 ± 0.34	BDL	1.35 ± 0.69	20.30 ± 3.75	0.35 ± 0.93
	Galaxia fasciularis	171.10 ± 11.26	5.35 ± 0.24	36.30 ± 14.02	BDL	3.35 ± 1.48	56.90 ± 6.15	2.45 ± 0.98
	Tripneastus gratella	1700.86 ± 210.10	34.45 ± 3.42	29.90 ± 20.10	1.50 ± 0.08	3.45 ± 0.64	8.30 ± 1.02	1.45 ± 0.08

Marine benthic fauna collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Phyla	Specimen name	Winter				Summer
Phyla	Specimen name	Ras Gharieb	Hurghada	Safaga	Qusier	Ras Gharieb	Hurghada	Safaga	Qusier
Porifera	Hyrtios protius		√				√
Porifera	Plakinastrella onkodes		√		√		√	√
Cnidaria	Stylophora pistillata	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
	Favites complanata		√		√
	Favites abdita			√				√
	Acropora polystoma		√				√
	Acropora hemprichii						√		√
	Acropora clathrata				√
	Acropora austera	√				√		√
	Acropora pharoaonis			√
	Acropora valida				√
	Acropora humilis			√
	Pocillopora verrucosa								√
	Pocillopora damicornis			√	√
	Porites solida			√
	Porites lobata						√
	Porites mayeri				√
	Favia maritima						√
	Favia pallida				√
	Ctenactis crassa				√			√
	Galaxia fasciularis						√		√
	Millopora dichtoma				√				√
	Platygyra lamellina						√
	Platygyra carnosus				√
	Sarcophyton trocheliophorum	√				√
	Tubipora musica						√
	Dendronephthia hemprichi						√
	Sinularia polydactyla						√	√
	Heteroxenia fuscescens					√
Mollusca	Strombus triangulatus	√	√				√
	Tridacna maxima		√					√
	Tridacna gigas						√
	Murex tribulus		√					√
	Tectus dentatus						√
	Crassostrea sp.				√
Echinoderms	Astropecten irregularis						√
	Ophiocoma scolopendrina						√
	Tripneaustus gratella		√						√
	Clypeaster audouini		√				√
	Echinometra mathaei	√				√	√
	Diadema setosum				√

eISSN:: 1897-3191
Język:: Angielski

Częstotliwość wydawania:: 4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:: Chemistry, other, Geosciences, Life Sciences

Kanał RSS czasopisma

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in seawater, benthic flora and fauna and their ability to survive under stressors along the northern Red Sea, Egypt

Article Category: Original research paper

Data publikacji: 18 sty 2023

Zakres stron: 355 - 370

Otrzymano: 10 paź 2022

Przyjęty: 21 paź 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2022.4.05

Słowa kluczowe
Red Sea, heavy metals, seawater pollution, bioaccumulation, marine fauna, flora

© 2022 Ahmed Salah-Tantawy et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Hurghada during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Hurghada during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater at the study sites along the northern Red Sea in comparison with other studies in Egypt and worldwide

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Australian and New Zealand guidelines (ANZECC 1992; ARMCANZ 2000) for marine water quality (μg l−1)

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Marine benthic flora collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Marine benthic fauna collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in seawater, benthic flora and fauna and their ability to survive under stressors along the northern Red Sea, Egypt

Article Category: Original research paper

Data publikacji: 18 sty 2023

Zakres stron: 355 - 370

Otrzymano: 10 paź 2022

Przyjęty: 21 paź 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2022.4.05

Słowa kluczoweRed Sea, heavy metals, seawater pollution, bioaccumulation, marine fauna, flora

© 2022 Ahmed Salah-Tantawy et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Hurghada during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Hurghada during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in marine flora (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater at the study sites along the northern Red Sea in comparison with other studies in Egypt and worldwide

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Safaga during winter and summer

Australian and New Zealand guidelines (ANZECC 1992; ARMCANZ 2000) for marine water quality (μg l−1)

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Ras Gharieb during winter and summer

Marine benthic flora collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Average values of heavy metal concentrations in marine fauna (μg g−1 dry wt.) at Qusier during winter and summer

Marine benthic fauna collected from the study sites along the northern Red Sea during winter and summer

Słowa kluczowe
Red Sea, heavy metals, seawater pollution, bioaccumulation, marine fauna, flora