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The three-year outcome of emotional symptoms in clinically referred youth with ADHD and their relationship to neuropsychological functions

Pia Tallberg
Pia Tallberg
, 
Kristina Svanberg
Kristina Svanberg
, 
Anne-Li Hallin
Anne-Li Hallin
, 
Maria Rastam
Maria Rastam
, 
Peik Gustafsson
Peik Gustafsson
 oraz 
Sean Perrin
Sean Perrin
   | 03 lip 2022
Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Article
Data publikacji: 03 lip 2022
Zakres stron: 72 - 86
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0008
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© 2022 Pia Tallberg, Kristina Svanberg, Anne-Li Hallin, Maria Rastam, Peik Gustafsson, and Sean Perrin, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Flow-chart. ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. BYI: Beck Youth inventories. BRIEF-A: Behavior rating of executive function. A: Adult informant form. CPT-II: Conners' continuous performance test II. FTF: Five To Fifteen. SNAP-IV: Swanson-Nolan-Pelham scale, version IV. SDQ: Strenghts and Difficulties questionnaire. WISC-IV: Wechsler intelligence scales for children, fourth version. WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence scales, fourth version. The number of observations varied due to partial attrition. 22 children were too young to complete the BYI at baseline.
Flow-chart. ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. BYI: Beck Youth inventories. BRIEF-A: Behavior rating of executive function. A: Adult informant form. CPT-II: Conners' continuous performance test II. FTF: Five To Fifteen. SNAP-IV: Swanson-Nolan-Pelham scale, version IV. SDQ: Strenghts and Difficulties questionnaire. WISC-IV: Wechsler intelligence scales for children, fourth version. WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence scales, fourth version. The number of observations varied due to partial attrition. 22 children were too young to complete the BYI at baseline.

Estimates (b), 95% confidence intervals, and p-values for the effect of follow-up time, and belonging to the ADHD group on Anxiety, Depression, and Anger subscales of the Beck Youth Inventories in the ADHD and the Control group, and slope differences across groups.

Model Independent variables b 95% CI p
Anxiety Slope ADHD group −0.30 −0.96, 0.35 .361
Slope Control group 1.55 0.63, 2.47 .001
Slope difference −1.85 −2.98, −0.72 0.002
Depression Slope ADHD group −0.49 −1.11, 0.12 .112
Slope Control group 1.32 0.47, 2.17 .003
Slope difference −1.82 −2.86, −0.77 0.001
Anger Slope ADHD group −0.89 −1.54, −0.24 .008
Slope Control group −0.46 −1.37, 0.46 .328
Slope difference −0.44 −1.56, 0.69 0.444

Mean values at baseline and follow-up, and standard deviations for the SNAP-IV, BRIEF, Conners’ CPT-II, and Wechsler Intelligence Scales at baseline and follow-up.

ADHD group Control group
Baseline scores Follow-up scores Baseline scores Follow-up scores
Measures n Mean SD n Mean SD n Mean SD n Mean SD
BYI
Anxiety 99 58.31 11.35 102 57.18 9.83 57 48.10 8.36 52 52.82 9.89
Depression 99 57.16 10.60 102 55.57 9.75 57 47.30 8.73 52 51.02 9.00
Anger 99 58.69 11.16 102 56.51 10.65 57 48.78 8.26 52 47.35 7.65
SNAP-IV
ADHD-combined 127 30.54 10.25 108 24.31 10.94
Inattention 128 18.04 5.05 108 15.11 6.30
Hyperactivity/Imp 127 12.40 13.14 108 9.20 6.23
BRIEF BRI 127 66.72 13.67 108 63.94 12.61
Inhibition 127 65.66 13.09 108 61.44 12.43
Flexibility 128 63.76 14.58 108 64.65 13.43
Emotional Control 128 63.48 12.92 108 60.92 13.11
Monitor 125 65.18 9.68 107 62.41 11.17
BRIEF MI 125 68.65 9.09 108 65.75 10.71
Initiate 128 65.23 9.50 108 64.48 10.72
Working Memory 128 71.01 9.87 108 67.35 11.83
Plan/Organize 122 67.98 10.00 106 64.96 11.38
Organize Materials 128 58.34 10.57 108 58.05 10.68
CPT-II
Confidence Index 133 63.01 20.00 101 55.31 20.46
CPT Omissions 133 58.08 15.36 101 53.16 15.62
CPT Commissions 133 53.60 9.06 101 55.70 12.46
CPT RT (mean) 133 53.42 12.54 101 52.62 10.88
CPT RT (SE) 133 58.15 10.49 101 54.47 12.15
Wechsler
Working Memory 125 82.03 12.95 94 85.71 11.70
Processing Speed 124 88.69 13.59 94 89.27 14.84

Estimates (b), 95% confidence intervals, and p-values for the effect of parent-rated EF and performance based neurocognitive tests and ADHD symptoms (measured at baseline and follow-up) on self-rated anxiety, depression and anger inventories at baseline and follow-up in the ADHD group.

Dependent variable Crude/Models Independent variable n b 95 % CI p
Anxiety Crude BRIEF BRI 193 0.09 −0.07, 0.25 .131
Crude BRIEF MI 190 0.16 −0.02, 0.34 .031
Crude CPT-II Confidence Index 195 −0.001 −0.09, 0.09 .973
Crude Processing speed 181 0.05 −0.09, 0.19 .382
Crude Working Memory 182 −0.02 −0.18, 0.14 .752
Crude SNAP-IV ADHD-Combined 192 0.10 −0.06, 0.26 .113
Initiate 188 0.10 −0.10, 0.29 .328
Working Memory −0.16 −0.34, 0.02 .074
Model BRIEF MI Plan/Organize 0.30 0.11, 0.50 .003
Organization of materials −0.14 −0.30, 0.02 .075
Depression Crude BRIEF BRI 193 0.09 −0.05, 0.23 .118
Crude BRIEF MI 190 0.23 0.05, 0.41 .001
Crude CPT-II Confidence Index 195 0.02 −0.05, 0.11 .632
Crude Processing Speed 181 0.04 −0.09, 0.17 .426
Crude Working Memory 182 −0.08 −0.24, 0.08 .154
Crude SNAP-IV ADHD-Combined 192 0.16 0.02, 0.30 .007
Inattention 192 0.48 0.23, 0.73 < .001
Model SNAP-IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity −0.10 −0.33, 0.13 .389
Initiate 188 0.09 −0.10, 0.28 .351
Working Memory 0.01 −0.17, 0.19 .895
Model BRIEF MI Plan/Organize 0.18 −0.01, 0.38 .066
Organization of Materials −0.06 −0.21, 0.10 .445
Anger Crude BRIEF BRI 193 0.27 0.13, 0.41 < .001
Crude BRIEF MI 190 0.28 0.08, 0.48 < .001
Crude CPT-II Confidence Index 195 0.07 −0.02, 0.16 .049
Crude Wechsler Processing Speed 181 0.01 −0.15, 0.17 .854
Crude Wechsler Working Memory 182 −0.12 −0.29, 0.05 .050
Crude SNAP-IV ADHD-Combined 192 0.28 0.12, 0.44 < .001
Inhibition 190 0.13 −0.24, 0.18 .114
Emotional Control 0.23 −0.16, 0.22 .008
Model BRIEF BRI Flexibility −0.10 0.03, 0.45 .176
Monitor 0.06 −0.19, 0.14 .491
Initiate 188 −0.03 −0.03, 0.29 .760
Working Memory 0.03 0.06, 0.40 .779
Model BRIEF MI Plan/Organize 0.24 −0.26, 0.05 .027
Organization of Materials −0.02 −0.11, 0.22 .765
CPT-II Omission 177 0.16 0.02, 0.31 .022
CPT-II Commission −0.01 −0.20, 0.19 .993
Model performance- CPT-II RT (mean) 0.01 −0.21, 0.22 .978
based EF CPT-II RT SE 0.01 −0.22, 0.23 .939
Wechsler Processing speed 0.08 −0.05, 0.20 .237
Wechsler Working memory −0.10 −0.23, 0.04 .158
Inattention 192 0.27 −0.01, 0.55 .061
Model SNAP-IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity 0.30 0.05, 0.55 .018

Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-palues for the effect of parent-rated EF and performance-based neurocognitive Tests and ADHD symptoms on parent-rated internalizing symptoms at baseline and follow-up.

Crude/Model Independent Variables n OR [95% CI] p
Crude BRIEF BRI 215 1.08 [1.04, 1.12] < .001
Crude BRIEF MI 213 1.10 [1.04, 1.15] < .001
Crude CPT-II Confidence Index 212 1.01 [1.00, 1.02] .109
Crude Wechsler Processing Speed 197 1.00 [0.97, 1.03] .887
Crude Wechsler Working Memory 197 0.96 [0.93, 0.99] .008
Crude SNAP-IV ADHD-Combined 218 1.08 [1.03, 1.13] < .001
Model SNAP-IV Inattention 218 1.09 [1.02, 1.16] .010
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity 1.07 [1.02, 1.12] .008
Inhibition 0.98 [0.95, 1.02] .367
Model BRIEF BRI Emotional Control 211 1.05 [1.01, 1.09] .011
Flexibility 1.02 [0.99, 1.06] .212
Monitor 1.05 [1.01, 1.10] .026
Initiate 1.05 [1.01, 1.10] .020
Model BRIEF MI Working Memory 209 1.00 [0.96, 1.05] .917
Plan/Organize 1.04 [0.99, 1.09] .088
Organization of Materials 1.02 [0.98, 1.05] .422
CPT-II Omission 1.00 [0.97, 1.03] .840
CPT-II Commission 1.00 [0.96, 1.04] .873
Model performance-based EF CPT-II RT (mean) 193 0.97 [0.93, 1.02] .242
CPT-II RT (SE) 1.05 [1.00, 1.11] .063
Wechsler Processing Speed 1.01 [0.99, 1.04] .259
Wechsler Working memory 0.97 [0.94, 1.00] .026
eISSN:
2245-8875
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other
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