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Assessment of spread foundation settlement using statistical determination of characteristic values of subsoil properties

Simon Rabarijoely

Simon Rabarijoely

Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Rabarijoely, Simon
, 
Zbigniew Lechowicz

Zbigniew Lechowicz

Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Lechowicz, Zbigniew
 oraz 
Maria Jolanta Sulewska

Maria Jolanta Sulewska

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of TechnologyBialystok, Poland
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Sulewska, Maria Jolanta
  
12 maj 2025
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Kategoria artykułu: Original Study
Data publikacji: 12 maj 2025
Zakres stron: 179 - 192
Otrzymano: 26 cze 2024
Przyjęty: 13 gru 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2025-0010
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© 2025 Simon Rabarijoely et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

View of building No. 34 at the campus of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. https://wzim.sggw.edu.pl/wydzial/
View of building No. 34 at the campus of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. https://wzim.sggw.edu.pl/wydzial/

Figure 2:

View of the pad footings of building No. 34 – location of test points: CPT – cone penetration test, DMT – dilatometer test, SG – settlement gauge.
View of the pad footings of building No. 34 – location of test points: CPT – cone penetration test, DMT – dilatometer test, SG – settlement gauge.

Figure 3:

Profiles of cone resistance qc, sleeve friction fs, and friction ratio Rf from CPT.CPTs = cone penetration tests
Profiles of cone resistance qc, sleeve friction fs, and friction ratio Rf from CPT.CPTs = cone penetration tests

Figure 4:

Profiles of material index ID, horizontal stress index KD, and dilatometer modulus ED from DMT.DMTs = dilatometer tests
Profiles of material index ID, horizontal stress index KD, and dilatometer modulus ED from DMT.DMTs = dilatometer tests

Figure 5:

Profiles of cumulative values Σqc from CPTs and cumulative values ΣED from DMTs below the foundation level.CPTs = cone penetration tests, DMTs = dilatometer tests
Profiles of cumulative values Σqc from CPTs and cumulative values ΣED from DMTs below the foundation level.CPTs = cone penetration tests, DMTs = dilatometer tests

Figure 6:

Relationship between factor RM and horizontal stress index KD. R2 = determination coefficient.
Relationship between factor RM and horizontal stress index KD. R2 = determination coefficient.

Figure 7:

Comparison of measured and calculated settlements based on the constrained modulus determined from: a – CPT tests; b – DMT tests.CPTs = cone penetration tests, DMTs = dilatometer tests
Comparison of measured and calculated settlements based on the constrained modulus determined from: a – CPT tests; b – DMT tests.CPTs = cone penetration tests, DMTs = dilatometer tests

Index properties of the analyzed boulder clays and thickness of layers and sublayers_

Properties\thickness Boulder clay (brown) III layer Boulder clay (gray) IV layer IVa (m) IVb (m) IVc (m)
Water content wn (%) 10.0–11.0 10.5–13.5
Unit density ρ (t·m−3) 2.1–2.2 2.1–2.2
Liquid limit wL (%) 21.0–24.9 22.0–26.0
Plasticity index IP (%) 11.0–13.0 12.0–14.0
Consistency index IC (−) 0.93–1.0 0.89–0.96
Content of fraction (%):
Sand (0.063–2 mm) Sa 62–63 56–59
Silt (0.002–0.063 mm) Si 25–28 28–29
Clay (≤0.002 mm) Cl 10–12 13–15
The thickness of layers and sublayers below the foundation level (m) (depth of foundation level = 4.4 m below ground level) CPTs 0.8–1.0 5.2
1.2 1.6 2.4
DMTs 1.0 1.8 2.4

Results of statistical analysis of the dilatometer modulus ED and the constrained modulus M from DMTs_

Test type/measure Layers Number of determinations n (−) Mean value Xmean (kPa) Min. value Xmin (kPa) Max. value Xmax (kPa) Standard deviation Sx (kPa) Coefficient of variation Vx (−)
DMT: ED III + IV together 137 55,527 16,214 116,592 19,621 0.353
DMT: M 117,863 26,676 273,266 53,331 0.452
DMT: ED III 20 85,336 16,214 116,592 20,287 0.238
DMT: M 201,715 26,676 273,266 51,754 0.257
DMT: ED IV 117 50,432 23,683 87,444 14,233 0.282
DMT: M 103,529 40,265 205,619 38,277 0.370
DMT: ED IVa 20 68,106 45,544 87,444 11,218 0.165
DMT: M 157,888 105,708 205,619 26,800 0.170
DMT: ED IVb 36 54,552 29,039 74,582 11,225 0.206
DMT: M 115,362 52,880 164,621 27,986 0.243
DMT: ED IVc 61 42,205 23,683 60,118 9,634 0.228
DMT: M 78,724 40,265 117,792 21,111 0.268

Results of statistical analysis of cone resistance qc and constrained modulus M from CPT_

Test type/measure Layers Number of determinations n (−) Mean value Xmean (kPa) Min. value Xmin (kPa) Max. value Xmax (kPa) Standard deviation Sx (kPa) Coefficient of variation Vx (−)
CPT: qc III + IV together 104 11,098 2,500 17,000 3,666 0.333
CPT: M 90,498 19,866 139,524 30,329 0.335
CPT: qc III 15 8,493 2,500 16,000 3,773 0.444
CPT: M 69,384 19,866 131,175 31,093 0.448
CPT: qc IV 89 11,537 5,200 17,000 3,459 0.300
CPT: M 94,056 41,349 139,524 28,707 0.305
CPT: qc IVa 23 13,857 6,600 17,000 2,751 0.199
CPT: M 113,710 53,658 139,524 22,303 0.197
CPT: qc IVb 31 13,661 10,000 17,000 2,100 0.154
CPT: M 111,646 81,312 139,326 17,343 0.155
CPT: qc IVc 35 8,217 5,200 13,000 1,872 0.228
CPT: M 66,428 41,349 105,996 15,509 0.233

Characteristic values of the constrained modulus M from CPTs and DMTs and the calculated and measured settlements of pad footing H-16_

Test type Layers Settlement calculated using sm (mm)
Mmean Bayesian statistics Schneider's formula prEN 1997-1:2022-09
Mmean (kPa) Σscal (mm) Mmean (kPa) Σscal (mm) Mk (kPa) Σscal (mm) Vx (−) kn (1 − knVx) Mk (kPa) Σscal (mm)
CPT III + IV together 90,498 7.8 90,498 7.8 75,261 9.4 0.335 1.67 0.441 39,910 17.7 7.0
III 69,384 50,020 53,292 0.448 1.82 0.185 12,840 - -
IV 94,056 8.3 100,900 9.1 79,621 10.2 0.305 1.68 0.488 45,899 27.4 7.0
III 69,384 50,020 53,292 0.448 1.82 0.185 12,840 - -
IVa 113,043 125,079 101,420 0.197 1.75 0.655 74,480 - -
IVb 111,221 115,218 102,460 0.155 1.73 0.732 81,410 - -
IVc 66,428 8.2 66,688 9.1 58,560 9.6 0.233 1.71 0.602 39,990 24.4 7.0
DMT III + IV together 117,863 6.0 117,863 6.0 91,100 7.8 0.452 1.67 0.245 28,876 24.5 7.0
III 201,715 195,768 175,165 0.257 1.77 0.545 109,935 - -
IV 103,529 5.8 104,441 5.8 84,309 7.1 0.370 1.67 0.382 39,548 14.4 7.0
III 201.715 195,768 175,165 0.257 1.77 0.545 109,935 - -
IVa 157,887 154,300 144,139 0.170 1.77 0.699 110,364 - -
IVb 115,361 118,200 101,117 0.243 1.71 0.584 67,371 - -
IVc 78,724 5.3 81,241 5.3 68,080 6.1 0.268 1.68 0.550 43,298 9.1 7.0
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Nauki o Ziemi, Nauki o Ziemi, inne, Nauka o materiałach, Kompozyty, Materiały porowate, Fizyka, Mechanika i dynamika płynów
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