This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
African Parks, 2013a. African Parks: Annual Report 2012. Online: https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2012.pdf (accessed: 15 September 2019).African Parks2013aOnline: https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2012.pdf (accessed: 15 September 2019).Search in Google Scholar
African Parks, 2013b. Majete tourism development plan 2013–2016. Majete Wildlife Reserve, Chikwawa.African Parks2013bMajete Wildlife ReserveChikwawaSearch in Google Scholar
Arskey H., Knight P., 1999. Interviewing in social scientist: An introductory resource with examples. Sage, London.ArskeyH.KnightP.1999SageLondonSearch in Google Scholar
Ashley C., Roe D., 1998. Enhancing community involvement in wildlife tourism: Issues and challenges. Wildlife and Development Series No. 11. IIED, London.AshleyC.RoeD.1998Enhancing community involvement in wildlife tourism: Issues and challengesIIEDLondonSearch in Google Scholar
Ashley K.S., Osmani M., Emmitt S., Mallinson M., Mallinson H., 2015. Assessing stakeholders’ perspectives towards the conservation of the built heritage of Suakin, Sudan. International Journal of Heritage Studies 21(7): 674–697. DOI 10.1080/13527258.2014.985696.AshleyK.S.OsmaniM.EmmittS.MallinsonM.MallinsonH.2015Assessing stakeholders’ perspectives towards the conservation of the built heritage of Suakin, Sudan21767469710.1080/13527258.2014.985696Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Aslam M.S.M., Bin Awang K.W., 2017. Implications of policies and procedures in Sustainable Rural Tourism Development (SRTD): A case study of Sri Lanka. Sabaragamuwa University Journal 15(1): 74–93. DOI 10.4038/suslj.v15i1.7708.AslamM.S.M.Bin AwangK.W.2017Implications of policies and procedures in Sustainable Rural Tourism Development (SRTD): A case study of Sri Lanka151749310.4038/suslj.v15i1.7708Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bahaire T., Elliott-White M., 1999. Community participation in tourism planning and development in the historic city of York, England. Current Issues in Tourism 2(2–3): 243–276. DOI 10.1080/13683509908667854.BahaireT.Elliott-WhiteM.1999Community participation in tourism planning and development in the historic city of York, England22–324327610.1080/13683509908667854Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Baidal J.A.I., 2004. Tourism planning in Spain – Evolution and perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research 31(2): 313–333. DOI 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.001.BaidalJ.A.I.2004Tourism planning in Spain – Evolution and perspectives31231333310.1016/j.annals.2003.12.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bello F.G., Carr N., Lovelock B., 2016. Community participation framework for protected area based tourism planning. Tourism Planning and Development 13(4): 469–485. DOI 10.1080/21568316.2015.1136838.BelloF.G.CarrN.LovelockB.2016Community participation framework for protected area based tourism planning13446948510.1080/21568316.2015.1136838Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bello F.G., Lovelock B., Carr N., 2017. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism 16(2): 131–151. DOI 10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444.BelloF.G.LovelockB.CarrN.2017Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi16213115110.1080/14724049.2016.1251444Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Botes L., Van Rensburg D., 2000. Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal 35(1): 41–58. DOI 10.1093/cdj/35.1.41.BotesL.Van RensburgD.2000Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments351415810.1093/cdj/35.1.41Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bramwell B., Higham J., Lane B., Miller G., 2017. Twenty five years of sustainable tourism: Looking back and moving forward. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25(1): 1–9. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2017.1251689.BramwellB.HighamJ.LaneB.MillerG.2017Twenty five years of sustainable tourism: Looking back and moving forward2511910.1080/09669582.2017.1251689Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bramwell B., Sharman A., 1999. Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research 26(2): 392–415. DOI 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4.BramwellB.SharmanA.1999Collaboration in local tourism policymaking26239241510.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bryman A., Bell E., 2007. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford.BrymanA.BellE.2007Oxford University PressOxfordSearch in Google Scholar
Chami M.F., 2018. Community involvement and sustainable tourism development in heritage management: Amboni Limestone caves, Tanzania. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–13.ChamiM.F.2018Community involvement and sustainable tourism development in heritage management: Amboni Limestone caves, Tanzania72113Search in Google Scholar
Chisnall P., 2005. Marketing research. McGraw Hill Education, Berkshire.ChisnallP.2005McGraw Hill EducationBerkshireSearch in Google Scholar
Chiutsi S., Saarinen J., 2017. Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa 34(3): 260–275. DOI 10.1080/0376835X.2016.1259987.ChiutsiS.SaarinenJ.2017Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe34326027510.1080/0376835X.2016.1259987Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chiutsi S., Saarinen J., 2019. The limits of inclusivity and sustainability in transfrontier peace parks: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe. Critical African Studies 11(3): 348–360. DOI 10.1080/21681392.2019.1670703.ChiutsiS.SaarinenJ.2019The limits of inclusivity and sustainability in transfrontier peace parks: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe11334836010.1080/21681392.2019.1670703Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Choguill M.B.G., 1996. A ladder of community participation for underdeveloped countries. Habitat International 20(3): 431–444. DOI 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00020-3.ChoguillM.B.G.1996A ladder of community participation for underdeveloped countries20343144410.1016/0197-3975(96)00020-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Clarke J.E., 1983a. Protected areas master plan for southern region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.ClarkeJ.E.1983aDepartment of National Parks and WildlifeLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Clarke J.E., 1983b. Principal master plan for national parks and wildlife management. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.ClarkeJ.E.1983bDepartment of National Parks and WildlifeLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Creswell J.W., 2009. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches. Sage, Thousand Oaks; London.CreswellJ.W.2009SageThousand Oaks; LondonSearch in Google Scholar
de Kadt E., 1979. Social planning for tourism in the developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research 6(1): 36–48. DOI 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90093-8.de KadtE.1979Social planning for tourism in the developing countries61364810.1016/0160-7383(79)90093-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Department of Tourism, 2006. National tourism policy. Department of Tourism, Lilongwe.Department of Tourism2006Department of TourismLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Dieke P.U.C., 2007. Participatory approaches to tourism development: An example from sub-Saharan Africa. In: Kloek M.E., van der Duim R. (eds), Local communities and participation in African tourism: Thematic proceedings of ATLAS Africa Conferences Volume 2. ATLAS, The Netherlands.DiekeP.U.C.2007Participatory approaches to tourism development: An example from sub-Saharan AfricaIn:KloekM.E.van der DuimR.(eds),ATLASThe NetherlandsSearch in Google Scholar
DNPW, 2000. Majete Wildlife Reserve: Park plan. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.DNPW2000Department of National Parks and WildlifeLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Dodds R., Ali A., Galaski K., 2018. Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism 21(13): 1–22. DOI 10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257.DoddsR.AliA.GalaskiK.2018Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism211312210.1080/13683500.2016.1150257Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dragouni M., Fouseki K., 2018. Drivers of community participation in heritage tourism planning: An empirical investigation. Journal of Heritage Tourism 13(3): 237–256. DOI 10.1080/1743873X.2017.1310214.DragouniM.FousekiK.2018Drivers of community participation in heritage tourism planning: An empirical investigation13323725610.1080/1743873X.2017.1310214Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dube C.N., 2018. Community participation in the management of South Africa's protected areas. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–18.DubeC.N.2018Community participation in the management of South Africa's protected areas72118Search in Google Scholar
Dudley N., Stolton S., 2018. Protected Areas: Challenges and responses for the coming decade. Equilibrium Research, Bristol.DudleyN.StoltonS.2018Equilibrium ResearchBristolSearch in Google Scholar
Eagles P.F.J., McCool S.F., Haynes C.D., 2002. Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management, Vol. No. 8. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. DOI 10.1079/9780851995892.0000.EaglesP.F.J.McCoolS.F.HaynesC.D.2002Vol. No. 8.IUCNGland, Switzerland10.1079/9780851995892.0000Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Garlick S., 1999. The Australian history of government intervention in regional development. In: Dore J., Woodhill J. (eds), Sustainable rural development: Final report. Greening Australia, Canberra, Australia: 177–186.GarlickS.1999The Australian history of government intervention in regional developmentIn:DoreJ.WoodhillJ.(eds),Greening AustraliaCanberra, Australia177186Search in Google Scholar
Giampiccoli A., Glassom D., 2021. Community-based tourism in protected areas: Elaborating a model from a South African perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 9(1): 106–131. DOI 10.30519/ahtr.741805.GiampiccoliA.GlassomD.2021Community-based tourism in protected areas: Elaborating a model from a South African perspective9110613110.30519/ahtr.741805Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gray B., 1989. Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, California.GrayB.1989Jossey-Bass PublishersSan Francisco, CaliforniaSearch in Google Scholar
Grybovych O., Hafermann D., 2010. Sustainable practices of community tourism planning: Lessons from a remote community. Community Development 41(3): 354–369. DOI 10.1080/15575330903444085.GrybovychO.HafermannD.2010Sustainable practices of community tourism planning: Lessons from a remote community41335436910.1080/15575330903444085Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gunn C.A., Var T., 2002. Tourism planning: Basics, concepts and cases. Routledge, New York.GunnC.A.VarT.2002RoutledgeNew YorkSearch in Google Scholar
Hall C.M., 2008. Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships. Pearson Education, Harlow.HallC.M.2008Pearson EducationHarlowSearch in Google Scholar
Hawkins D., 1993. Global assessment of tourism policy. In: Pearce D., Butler R. (eds), Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. Routledge, London: 175–200.HawkinsD.1993Global assessment of tourism policyIn:PearceD.ButlerR.(eds),RoutledgeLondon175200Search in Google Scholar
Hayes G., 1972. Wildlife conservation in Malawi. The Society of Malawi Journal 25(2): 22–31.HayesG.1972Wildlife conservation in Malawi2522231Search in Google Scholar
Haywood K.M., 1988. Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism management 9(2): 105–118. DOI 10.1016/0261-5177(88)90020-9.HaywoodK.M.1988Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community9210511810.1016/0261-5177(88)90020-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Inskeep E., 1994. National and regional tourism planning: Methodologies and case studies. Routledge, London.InskeepE.1994RoutledgeLondonSearch in Google Scholar
Irvin R.A., Stansbury J., 2004. Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64(1): 55–65. DOI 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.x.IrvinR.A.StansburyJ.2004Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort?641556510.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jamal T., Stronza A., 2009. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2): 169–189. DOI 10.1080/09669580802495741.JamalT.StronzaA.2009Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability17216918910.1080/09669580802495741Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lalicic L., Onder I., 2018. Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective. Sustainability 10(6): 1852. DOI 10.3390/su10061852.LalicicL.OnderI.2018Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective106185210.3390/su10061852Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lalicic L., Weber-Sabil J., 2020. Stakeholder engagement in sustainable tourism planning through serious gaming. Tourism Geographies 23(1–2): 185–205. DOI 10.1080/14616688.2019.1648543.LalicicL.Weber-SabilJ.2020Stakeholder engagement in sustainable tourism planning through serious gaming231–218520510.1080/14616688.2019.1648543Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lekaota L., 2016. Rural communities’ participation in the planning and management of tourism developments: A case study of Lesotho. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 5(4): 1–12. DOI 10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0029.LekaotaL.2016Rural communities’ participation in the planning and management of tourism developments: A case study of Lesotho5411210.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0029Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahony K., Van Zyl J., 2002. The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: Three case studies in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 19(1): 83–103. DOI 10.1080/03768350220123891.MahonyK.Van ZylJ.2002The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: Three case studies in South Africa1918310310.1080/03768350220123891Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Malawi Government, 2001. Growing Tourism in Malawi's Protected Areas: Tourism Concessions Guidelines and Procedures. DNPW, Lilongwe.Malawi Government2001DNPWLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Malawi Government, 2005. Liwonde – Mangochi Protected Area Complex General Management Plan 2005–2015. DNPW, Lilongwe.Malawi Government2005DNPWLilongweSearch in Google Scholar
Mandić A., 2020. Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) frameworks. Environment Systems and Decisions 40: 560–576. DOI 10.1007/s10669-020-09759-y.MandićA.2020Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) frameworks4056057610.1007/s10669-020-09759-yOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Marzuki A., Hay I., James J., 2012. Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(4): 585–602. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2011.638384.MarzukiA.HayI.JamesJ.2012Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia20458560210.1080/09669582.2011.638384Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mbaiwa J.E., 2005a. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2(3): 163–185. DOI 10.1080/14766820508668662.MbaiwaJ.E.2005aThe socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana2316318510.1080/14766820508668662Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mbaiwa J.E., 2005b. Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Environmental Management 77(2): 144–156. DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.007.MbaiwaJ.E.2005bWildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana77214415610.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.00716115724Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mbaiwa J.E., 2005c. Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management 26(2): 157–172. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005.MbaiwaJ.E.2005cEnclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana26215717210.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mbaiwa J., 2003. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 54(2): 447–467. DOI 10.1006/jare.2002.1101.MbaiwaJ.2003The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana54244746710.1006/jare.2002.1101Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
McCool S.F., 2009. Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2): 133–148. DOI 10.1080/09669580802495733.McCoolS.F.2009Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness17213314810.1080/09669580802495733Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Moswete N., Thapa B., 2018. Local communities, CBOs/trusts, and people–park relationships: A case study of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. The George Wright Forum 35(1): 96–108.MosweteN.ThapaB.2018Local communities, CBOs/trusts, and people–park relationships: A case study of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana35196108Search in Google Scholar
Mowforth M., Munt I., 2009. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge, London. DOI 10.4324/9780203891056.MowforthM.MuntI.2009RoutledgeLondon10.4324/9780203891056Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Murphy P.E., 1994. Tourism and sustainable development. In: Theobald W.F. (ed.), Global tourism: The next decade. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. 274–90MurphyP.E.1994Tourism and sustainable developmentIn:TheobaldW.F.(ed.),Butterworth-HeinemannOxford2749010.1016/B978-0-7506-7789-9.50016-9Search in Google Scholar
Murphy P., 1985. Tourism: A community approach. Methuen, New York.MurphyP.1985MethuenNew YorkSearch in Google Scholar
Nkemngu A.P., 2014. Stakeholder's participation in township tourism planning and development: The case of business managers in Shoshanguve. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 3(1): 1–10.NkemnguA.P.2014Stakeholder's participation in township tourism planning and development: The case of business managers in Shoshanguve31110Search in Google Scholar
Novelli M., Barnes J.I., Humavindu M., 2006. The other side of the ecotourism coin: Consumptive tourism in Southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism 5(1–2): 62–79. DOI 10.1080/14724040608668447.NovelliM.BarnesJ.I.HumavinduM.2006The other side of the ecotourism coin: Consumptive tourism in Southern Africa51–2627910.1080/14724040608668447Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Novelli M., Gebhardt K., 2007. Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality show’ or ‘window dressing’? Current Issues in Tourism 10(5): 443–479. DOI 10.2167/cit332.0.NovelliM.GebhardtK.2007Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality show’ or ‘window dressing’?10544347910.2167/cit332.0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Novelli M., Scarth A., 2007. Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi). Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 4(1): 47–73. DOI 10.1080/14790530701289697.NovelliM.ScarthA.2007Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi)41477310.1080/14790530701289697Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nowacki M., Kowalczyk-Aniol J., Krolikowska K., Pstrocka-Rak M., Awedyk M., (2018). Strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in Poland. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 25(6): 562–567. DOI 10.1080/13504509.2018.1432513.NowackiM.Kowalczyk-AniolJ.KrolikowskaK.Pstrocka-RakM.AwedykM.2018Strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in Poland25656256710.1080/13504509.2018.1432513Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
NSO, 2020. The Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) 2020 Report. National Statistical Office of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.NSO2020National Statistical Office of MalawiZomba, MalawiSearch in Google Scholar
Nunkoo R., Gursoy D., 2016. Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 25(4): 512–522. DOI 10.1080/19368623.2015.1019170.NunkooR.GursoyD.2016Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning25451252210.1080/19368623.2015.1019170Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Okazaki E., 2008. A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16(5): 511–529. DOI 10.1080/09669580802159594.OkazakiE.2008A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use16551152910.1080/09669580802159594Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Panichm P., Hasachoo N., Sirisawat P., 2018. Key success factors for improving community-based tourism supply chain. UTCC Academic Day. 8 June, University of Thai Chamber of Commerce.PanichmP.HasachooN.SirisawatP.2018UTCC Academic Day. 8 JuneUniversity of Thai Chamber of CommerceSearch in Google Scholar
Patton M.Q., 2002. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.PattonM.Q.2002SageThousand Oaks, CASearch in Google Scholar
Paul S., 1987. Community participation in development projects. World Bank, Washington, DC.PaulS.1987World BankWashington, DCSearch in Google Scholar
Pearce D.G., 1991. Tourism development. John Wiley & Sons, New York.PearceD.G.1991John Wiley & SonsNew YorkSearch in Google Scholar
Pyke J., Law A., Jiang M., de Lacy T., 2018. Learning from the locals: The role of stakeholder engagement in building tourism and community resilience. Journal of Ecotourism 17(3): 206–219. DOI 10.1080/14724049.2018.1505586.PykeJ.LawA.JiangM.de LacyT.2018Learning from the locals: The role of stakeholder engagement in building tourism and community resilience17320621910.1080/14724049.2018.1505586Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rasoolimanesh S.M., Jaafar M., Ahmad A.G., Barghi R., 2017. Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development. Tourism Management 58: 142–153. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.016.RasoolimaneshS.M.JaafarM.AhmadA.G.BarghiR.2017Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development5814215310.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rowe G., Frewer L.J., 2000. Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation. Science, Technology, & Human Values 25(1): 3–29. DOI 10.1177/016224390002500101.RoweG.FrewerL.J.2000Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation25132910.1177/016224390002500101Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Saufi A., O’Brien D., Wilkins H., 2014. Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(5): 801–820. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2013.861468.SaufiA.O’BrienD.WilkinsH.2014Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries22580182010.1080/09669582.2013.861468Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Scheyvens R., 1999. Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management 20(2): 245–249. DOI 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7.ScheyvensR.1999Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities20224524910.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sène-Harper A., Séye M., 2019. Community-based tourism around national parks in Senegal: The implications of colonial legacies in current management policies. Tourism Planning & Development 16(2): 217–234. DOI 10.1080/21568316.2018.1563804.Sène-HarperA.SéyeM.2019Community-based tourism around national parks in Senegal: The implications of colonial legacies in current management policies16221723410.1080/21568316.2018.1563804Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Simmons D.G., 1994. Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management 15(2): 98–108. DOI 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5.SimmonsD.G.1994Community participation in tourism planning1529810810.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Snyman S.L., 2012. The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(3): 395–416. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2012.657202.SnymanS.L.2012The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa20339541610.1080/09669582.2012.657202Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Spenceley A., Goodwin H., 2007. Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa. Current Issues in Tourism 10(2–3): 255–277. DOI 10.2167/cit305.0.SpenceleyA.GoodwinH.2007Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa102–325527710.2167/cit305.0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Stone L.S., Stone T.M., 2011. Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(1): 97–114. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2010.508527.StoneL.S.StoneT.M.2011Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana1919711410.1080/09669582.2010.508527Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Stone M.T., Nyaupane G.P., 2018. Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26(2): 307–324. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2017.1349774.StoneM.T.NyaupaneG.P.2018Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals26230732410.1080/09669582.2017.1349774Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Strydom A.J., Mangope D., Henama U.S., 2018. Lessons learned from successful community-based tourism case studies from the Global South. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–13.StrydomA.J.MangopeD.HenamaU.S.2018Lessons learned from successful community-based tourism case studies from the Global South72113Search in Google Scholar
Tosun C., 1999. Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process. Anatolia 10(2): 113–134. DOI 10.1080/13032917.1999.9686975.TosunC.1999Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process10211313410.1080/13032917.1999.9686975Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tosun C., 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management 21(6): 613–633. DOI 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1.TosunC.2000Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries21661363310.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tosun C., Jenkins C.L., 1998. The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 4(2): 101–114. DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199806)4:2<101::AID-PTH100>3.0.CO;2-Z.TosunC.JenkinsC.L.1998The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique4210111410.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199806)4:2<101::AID-PTH100>3.0.CO;2-ZOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wells M.P., 1996. The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa. Environmental Conservation 23(04): 322–331. DOI 10.1017/S0376892900039187.WellsM.P.1996The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa230432233110.1017/S0376892900039187Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhang Y., Xiao X., Cao R., Zheng C., Guo Y., Gong W., Wei Z., 2020. How important is community participation to eco-environmental conservation in protected areas? From the perspective of predicting locals’ pro-environmental behaviours. Science of the Total Environment 739; 2020. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139889.ZhangY.XiaoX.CaoR.ZhengC.GuoY.GongW.WeiZ.2020How important is community participation to eco-environmental conservation in protected areas? From the perspective of predicting locals’ pro-environmental behaviours739202010.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139889Open DOISearch in Google Scholar