Community Participation in Tourism Planning at Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi

African Parks, 2013a. African Parks: Annual Report 2012. Online: https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2012.pdf (accessed: 15 September 2019). African Parks 2013a African Parks: Annual Report 2012 Online: https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2012.pdf (accessed: 15 September 2019). Search in Google Scholar

African Parks, 2013b. Majete tourism development plan 2013–2016. Majete Wildlife Reserve, Chikwawa. African Parks 2013b Majete tourism development plan 2013–2016 Majete Wildlife Reserve Chikwawa Search in Google Scholar

Arskey H., Knight P., 1999. Interviewing in social scientist: An introductory resource with examples. Sage, London. ArskeyH. KnightP. 1999 Interviewing in social scientist: An introductory resource with examples Sage London Search in Google Scholar

Ashley C., Roe D., 1998. Enhancing community involvement in wildlife tourism: Issues and challenges. Wildlife and Development Series No. 11. IIED, London. AshleyC. RoeD. 1998 Enhancing community involvement in wildlife tourism: Issues and challenges Wildlife and Development Series No. 11 IIED London Search in Google Scholar

Ashley K.S., Osmani M., Emmitt S., Mallinson M., Mallinson H., 2015. Assessing stakeholders’ perspectives towards the conservation of the built heritage of Suakin, Sudan. International Journal of Heritage Studies 21(7): 674–697. DOI 10.1080/13527258.2014.985696. AshleyK.S. OsmaniM. EmmittS. MallinsonM. MallinsonH. 2015 Assessing stakeholders’ perspectives towards the conservation of the built heritage of Suakin, Sudan International Journal of Heritage Studies 21 7 674 697 10.1080/13527258.2014.985696 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Aslam M.S.M., Bin Awang K.W., 2017. Implications of policies and procedures in Sustainable Rural Tourism Development (SRTD): A case study of Sri Lanka. Sabaragamuwa University Journal 15(1): 74–93. DOI 10.4038/suslj.v15i1.7708. AslamM.S.M. Bin AwangK.W. 2017 Implications of policies and procedures in Sustainable Rural Tourism Development (SRTD): A case study of Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa University Journal 15 1 74 93 10.4038/suslj.v15i1.7708 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bahaire T., Elliott-White M., 1999. Community participation in tourism planning and development in the historic city of York, England. Current Issues in Tourism 2(2–3): 243–276. DOI 10.1080/13683509908667854. BahaireT. Elliott-WhiteM. 1999 Community participation in tourism planning and development in the historic city of York, England Current Issues in Tourism 2 2–3 243 276 10.1080/13683509908667854 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Baidal J.A.I., 2004. Tourism planning in Spain – Evolution and perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research 31(2): 313–333. DOI 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.001. BaidalJ.A.I. 2004 Tourism planning in Spain – Evolution and perspectives Annals of Tourism Research 31 2 313 333 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.001 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bello F.G., Carr N., Lovelock B., 2016. Community participation framework for protected area based tourism planning. Tourism Planning and Development 13(4): 469–485. DOI 10.1080/21568316.2015.1136838. BelloF.G. CarrN. LovelockB. 2016 Community participation framework for protected area based tourism planning Tourism Planning and Development 13 4 469 485 10.1080/21568316.2015.1136838 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bello F.G., Lovelock B., Carr N., 2017. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism 16(2): 131–151. DOI 10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444. BelloF.G. LovelockB. CarrN. 2017 Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi Journal of Ecotourism 16 2 131 151 10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Botes L., Van Rensburg D., 2000. Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal 35(1): 41–58. DOI 10.1093/cdj/35.1.41. BotesL. Van RensburgD. 2000 Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments Community Development Journal 35 1 41 58 10.1093/cdj/35.1.41 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bramwell B., Higham J., Lane B., Miller G., 2017. Twenty five years of sustainable tourism: Looking back and moving forward. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25(1): 1–9. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2017.1251689. BramwellB. HighamJ. LaneB. MillerG. 2017 Twenty five years of sustainable tourism: Looking back and moving forward Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25 1 1 9 10.1080/09669582.2017.1251689 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bramwell B., Sharman A., 1999. Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research 26(2): 392–415. DOI 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4. BramwellB. SharmanA. 1999 Collaboration in local tourism policymaking Annals of Tourism Research 26 2 392 415 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bryman A., Bell E., 2007. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford. BrymanA. BellE. 2007 Business research methods Oxford University Press Oxford Search in Google Scholar

Chami M.F., 2018. Community involvement and sustainable tourism development in heritage management: Amboni Limestone caves, Tanzania. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–13. ChamiM.F. 2018 Community involvement and sustainable tourism development in heritage management: Amboni Limestone caves, Tanzania African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7 2 1 13 Search in Google Scholar

Chisnall P., 2005. Marketing research. McGraw Hill Education, Berkshire. ChisnallP. 2005 Marketing research McGraw Hill Education Berkshire Search in Google Scholar

Chiutsi S., Saarinen J., 2017. Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa 34(3): 260–275. DOI 10.1080/0376835X.2016.1259987. ChiutsiS. SaarinenJ. 2017 Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe Development Southern Africa 34 3 260 275 10.1080/0376835X.2016.1259987 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Chiutsi S., Saarinen J., 2019. The limits of inclusivity and sustainability in transfrontier peace parks: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe. Critical African Studies 11(3): 348–360. DOI 10.1080/21681392.2019.1670703. ChiutsiS. SaarinenJ. 2019 The limits of inclusivity and sustainability in transfrontier peace parks: Case of Sengwe Community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe Critical African Studies 11 3 348 360 10.1080/21681392.2019.1670703 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Choguill M.B.G., 1996. A ladder of community participation for underdeveloped countries. Habitat International 20(3): 431–444. DOI 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00020-3. ChoguillM.B.G. 1996 A ladder of community participation for underdeveloped countries Habitat International 20 3 431 444 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00020-3 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Clarke J.E., 1983a. Protected areas master plan for southern region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ClarkeJ.E. 1983a Protected areas master plan for southern region Department of National Parks and Wildlife Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Clarke J.E., 1983b. Principal master plan for national parks and wildlife management. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ClarkeJ.E. 1983b Principal master plan for national parks and wildlife management Department of National Parks and Wildlife Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Creswell J.W., 2009. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches. Sage, Thousand Oaks; London. CreswellJ.W. 2009 Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches Sage Thousand Oaks; London Search in Google Scholar

de Kadt E., 1979. Social planning for tourism in the developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research 6(1): 36–48. DOI 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90093-8. de KadtE. 1979 Social planning for tourism in the developing countries Annals of Tourism Research 6 1 36 48 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90093-8 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Department of Tourism, 2006. National tourism policy. Department of Tourism, Lilongwe. Department of Tourism 2006 National tourism policy Department of Tourism Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Dieke P.U.C., 2007. Participatory approaches to tourism development: An example from sub-Saharan Africa. In: Kloek M.E., van der Duim R. (eds), Local communities and participation in African tourism: Thematic proceedings of ATLAS Africa Conferences Volume 2. ATLAS, The Netherlands. DiekeP.U.C. 2007 Participatory approaches to tourism development: An example from sub-Saharan Africa In: KloekM.E. van der DuimR. (eds), Local communities and participation in African tourism: Thematic proceedings of ATLAS Africa Conferences Volume 2 ATLAS The Netherlands Search in Google Scholar

DNPW, 2000. Majete Wildlife Reserve: Park plan. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. DNPW 2000 Majete Wildlife Reserve: Park plan Department of National Parks and Wildlife Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Dodds R., Ali A., Galaski K., 2018. Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism 21(13): 1–22. DOI 10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257. DoddsR. AliA. GalaskiK. 2018 Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism Current Issues in Tourism 21 13 1 22 10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Dragouni M., Fouseki K., 2018. Drivers of community participation in heritage tourism planning: An empirical investigation. Journal of Heritage Tourism 13(3): 237–256. DOI 10.1080/1743873X.2017.1310214. DragouniM. FousekiK. 2018 Drivers of community participation in heritage tourism planning: An empirical investigation Journal of Heritage Tourism 13 3 237 256 10.1080/1743873X.2017.1310214 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Dube C.N., 2018. Community participation in the management of South Africa's protected areas. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–18. DubeC.N. 2018 Community participation in the management of South Africa's protected areas African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7 2 1 18 Search in Google Scholar

Dudley N., Stolton S., 2018. Protected Areas: Challenges and responses for the coming decade. Equilibrium Research, Bristol. DudleyN. StoltonS. 2018 Protected Areas: Challenges and responses for the coming decade Equilibrium Research Bristol Search in Google Scholar

Eagles P.F.J., McCool S.F., Haynes C.D., 2002. Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management, Vol. No. 8. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. DOI 10.1079/9780851995892.0000. EaglesP.F.J. McCoolS.F. HaynesC.D. 2002 Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management Vol. No. 8. IUCN Gland, Switzerland 10.1079/9780851995892.0000 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Garlick S., 1999. The Australian history of government intervention in regional development. In: Dore J., Woodhill J. (eds), Sustainable rural development: Final report. Greening Australia, Canberra, Australia: 177–186. GarlickS. 1999 The Australian history of government intervention in regional development In: DoreJ. WoodhillJ. (eds), Sustainable rural development: Final report Greening Australia Canberra, Australia 177 186 Search in Google Scholar

Giampiccoli A., Glassom D., 2021. Community-based tourism in protected areas: Elaborating a model from a South African perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 9(1): 106–131. DOI 10.30519/ahtr.741805. GiampiccoliA. GlassomD. 2021 Community-based tourism in protected areas: Elaborating a model from a South African perspective Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 9 1 106 131 10.30519/ahtr.741805 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gray B., 1989. Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, California. GrayB. 1989 Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems Jossey-Bass Publishers San Francisco, California Search in Google Scholar

Grybovych O., Hafermann D., 2010. Sustainable practices of community tourism planning: Lessons from a remote community. Community Development 41(3): 354–369. DOI 10.1080/15575330903444085. GrybovychO. HafermannD. 2010 Sustainable practices of community tourism planning: Lessons from a remote community Community Development 41 3 354 369 10.1080/15575330903444085 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gunn C.A., Var T., 2002. Tourism planning: Basics, concepts and cases. Routledge, New York. GunnC.A. VarT. 2002 Tourism planning: Basics, concepts and cases Routledge New York Search in Google Scholar

Hall C.M., 2008. Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships. Pearson Education, Harlow. HallC.M. 2008 Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships Pearson Education Harlow Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins D., 1993. Global assessment of tourism policy. In: Pearce D., Butler R. (eds), Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. Routledge, London: 175–200. HawkinsD. 1993 Global assessment of tourism policy In: PearceD. ButlerR. (eds), Tourism research: Critiques and challenges Routledge London 175 200 Search in Google Scholar

Hayes G., 1972. Wildlife conservation in Malawi. The Society of Malawi Journal 25(2): 22–31. HayesG. 1972 Wildlife conservation in Malawi The Society of Malawi Journal 25 2 22 31 Search in Google Scholar

Haywood K.M., 1988. Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism management 9(2): 105–118. DOI 10.1016/0261-5177(88)90020-9. HaywoodK.M. 1988 Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community Tourism management 9 2 105 118 10.1016/0261-5177(88)90020-9 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Inskeep E., 1994. National and regional tourism planning: Methodologies and case studies. Routledge, London. InskeepE. 1994 National and regional tourism planning: Methodologies and case studies Routledge London Search in Google Scholar

Irvin R.A., Stansbury J., 2004. Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64(1): 55–65. DOI 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.x. IrvinR.A. StansburyJ. 2004 Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64 1 55 65 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.x Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Jamal T., Stronza A., 2009. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2): 169–189. DOI 10.1080/09669580802495741. JamalT. StronzaA. 2009 Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17 2 169 189 10.1080/09669580802495741 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Lalicic L., Onder I., 2018. Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective. Sustainability 10(6): 1852. DOI 10.3390/su10061852. LalicicL. OnderI. 2018 Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective Sustainability 10 6 1852 10.3390/su10061852 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Lalicic L., Weber-Sabil J., 2020. Stakeholder engagement in sustainable tourism planning through serious gaming. Tourism Geographies 23(1–2): 185–205. DOI 10.1080/14616688.2019.1648543. LalicicL. Weber-SabilJ. 2020 Stakeholder engagement in sustainable tourism planning through serious gaming Tourism Geographies 23 1–2 185 205 10.1080/14616688.2019.1648543 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Lekaota L., 2016. Rural communities’ participation in the planning and management of tourism developments: A case study of Lesotho. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 5(4): 1–12. DOI 10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0029. LekaotaL. 2016 Rural communities’ participation in the planning and management of tourism developments: A case study of Lesotho African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 5 4 1 12 10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0029 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mahony K., Van Zyl J., 2002. The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: Three case studies in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 19(1): 83–103. DOI 10.1080/03768350220123891. MahonyK. Van ZylJ. 2002 The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: Three case studies in South Africa Development Southern Africa 19 1 83 103 10.1080/03768350220123891 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Malawi Government, 2001. Growing Tourism in Malawi's Protected Areas: Tourism Concessions Guidelines and Procedures. DNPW, Lilongwe. Malawi Government 2001 Growing Tourism in Malawi's Protected Areas: Tourism Concessions Guidelines and Procedures DNPW Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Malawi Government, 2005. Liwonde – Mangochi Protected Area Complex General Management Plan 2005–2015. DNPW, Lilongwe. Malawi Government 2005 Liwonde – Mangochi Protected Area Complex General Management Plan 2005–2015 DNPW Lilongwe Search in Google Scholar

Mandić A., 2020. Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) frameworks. Environment Systems and Decisions 40: 560–576. DOI 10.1007/s10669-020-09759-y. MandićA. 2020 Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) frameworks Environment Systems and Decisions 40 560 576 10.1007/s10669-020-09759-y Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Marzuki A., Hay I., James J., 2012. Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(4): 585–602. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2011.638384. MarzukiA. HayI. JamesJ. 2012 Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20 4 585 602 10.1080/09669582.2011.638384 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mbaiwa J.E., 2005a. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2(3): 163–185. DOI 10.1080/14766820508668662. MbaiwaJ.E. 2005a The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2 3 163 185 10.1080/14766820508668662 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mbaiwa J.E., 2005b. Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Environmental Management 77(2): 144–156. DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.007. MbaiwaJ.E. 2005b Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana Journal of Environmental Management 77 2 144 156 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.007 16115724 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mbaiwa J.E., 2005c. Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management 26(2): 157–172. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005. MbaiwaJ.E. 2005c Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana Tourism Management 26 2 157 172 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mbaiwa J., 2003. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 54(2): 447–467. DOI 10.1006/jare.2002.1101. MbaiwaJ. 2003 The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana Journal of Arid Environments 54 2 447 467 10.1006/jare.2002.1101 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

McCool S.F., 2009. Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2): 133–148. DOI 10.1080/09669580802495733. McCoolS.F. 2009 Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17 2 133 148 10.1080/09669580802495733 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Moswete N., Thapa B., 2018. Local communities, CBOs/trusts, and people–park relationships: A case study of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. The George Wright Forum 35(1): 96–108. MosweteN. ThapaB. 2018 Local communities, CBOs/trusts, and people–park relationships: A case study of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana The George Wright Forum 35 1 96 108 Search in Google Scholar

Mowforth M., Munt I., 2009. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge, London. DOI 10.4324/9780203891056. MowforthM. MuntI. 2009 Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world Routledge London 10.4324/9780203891056 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Murphy P.E., 1994. Tourism and sustainable development. In: Theobald W.F. (ed.), Global tourism: The next decade. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. 274–90 MurphyP.E. 1994 Tourism and sustainable development In: TheobaldW.F. (ed.), Global tourism: The next decade Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford 274 90 10.1016/B978-0-7506-7789-9.50016-9 Search in Google Scholar

Murphy P., 1985. Tourism: A community approach. Methuen, New York. MurphyP. 1985 Tourism: A community approach Methuen New York Search in Google Scholar

Nkemngu A.P., 2014. Stakeholder's participation in township tourism planning and development: The case of business managers in Shoshanguve. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 3(1): 1–10. NkemnguA.P. 2014 Stakeholder's participation in township tourism planning and development: The case of business managers in Shoshanguve African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 3 1 1 10 Search in Google Scholar

Novelli M., Barnes J.I., Humavindu M., 2006. The other side of the ecotourism coin: Consumptive tourism in Southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism 5(1–2): 62–79. DOI 10.1080/14724040608668447. NovelliM. BarnesJ.I. HumavinduM. 2006 The other side of the ecotourism coin: Consumptive tourism in Southern Africa Journal of Ecotourism 5 1–2 62 79 10.1080/14724040608668447 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Novelli M., Gebhardt K., 2007. Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality show’ or ‘window dressing’? Current Issues in Tourism 10(5): 443–479. DOI 10.2167/cit332.0. NovelliM. GebhardtK. 2007 Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality show’ or ‘window dressing’? Current Issues in Tourism 10 5 443 479 10.2167/cit332.0 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Novelli M., Scarth A., 2007. Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi). Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 4(1): 47–73. DOI 10.1080/14790530701289697. NovelliM. ScarthA. 2007 Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi) Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 4 1 47 73 10.1080/14790530701289697 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nowacki M., Kowalczyk-Aniol J., Krolikowska K., Pstrocka-Rak M., Awedyk M., (2018). Strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in Poland. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 25(6): 562–567. DOI 10.1080/13504509.2018.1432513. NowackiM. Kowalczyk-AniolJ. KrolikowskaK. Pstrocka-RakM. AwedykM. 2018 Strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in Poland International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 25 6 562 567 10.1080/13504509.2018.1432513 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

NSO, 2020. The Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) 2020 Report. National Statistical Office of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi. NSO 2020 The Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) 2020 Report National Statistical Office of Malawi Zomba, Malawi Search in Google Scholar

Nunkoo R., Gursoy D., 2016. Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 25(4): 512–522. DOI 10.1080/19368623.2015.1019170. NunkooR. GursoyD. 2016 Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 25 4 512 522 10.1080/19368623.2015.1019170 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Okazaki E., 2008. A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16(5): 511–529. DOI 10.1080/09669580802159594. OkazakiE. 2008 A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16 5 511 529 10.1080/09669580802159594 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Panichm P., Hasachoo N., Sirisawat P., 2018. Key success factors for improving community-based tourism supply chain. UTCC Academic Day. 8 June, University of Thai Chamber of Commerce. PanichmP. HasachooN. SirisawatP. 2018 Key success factors for improving community-based tourism supply chain UTCC Academic Day. 8 June University of Thai Chamber of Commerce Search in Google Scholar

Patton M.Q., 2002. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. PattonM.Q. 2002 Qualitative research & evaluation methods Sage Thousand Oaks, CA Search in Google Scholar

Paul S., 1987. Community participation in development projects. World Bank, Washington, DC. PaulS. 1987 Community participation in development projects World Bank Washington, DC Search in Google Scholar

Pearce D.G., 1991. Tourism development. John Wiley & Sons, New York. PearceD.G. 1991 Tourism development John Wiley & Sons New York Search in Google Scholar

Pyke J., Law A., Jiang M., de Lacy T., 2018. Learning from the locals: The role of stakeholder engagement in building tourism and community resilience. Journal of Ecotourism 17(3): 206–219. DOI 10.1080/14724049.2018.1505586. PykeJ. LawA. JiangM. de LacyT. 2018 Learning from the locals: The role of stakeholder engagement in building tourism and community resilience Journal of Ecotourism 17 3 206 219 10.1080/14724049.2018.1505586 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Rasoolimanesh S.M., Jaafar M., Ahmad A.G., Barghi R., 2017. Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development. Tourism Management 58: 142–153. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.016. RasoolimaneshS.M. JaafarM. AhmadA.G. BarghiR. 2017 Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development Tourism Management 58 142 153 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.016 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Rowe G., Frewer L.J., 2000. Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation. Science, Technology, & Human Values 25(1): 3–29. DOI 10.1177/016224390002500101. RoweG. FrewerL.J. 2000 Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation Science, Technology, & Human Values 25 1 3 29 10.1177/016224390002500101 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Saufi A., O’Brien D., Wilkins H., 2014. Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(5): 801–820. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2013.861468. SaufiA. O’BrienD. WilkinsH. 2014 Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22 5 801 820 10.1080/09669582.2013.861468 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Scheyvens R., 1999. Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management 20(2): 245–249. DOI 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7. ScheyvensR. 1999 Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities Tourism Management 20 2 245 249 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Sène-Harper A., Séye M., 2019. Community-based tourism around national parks in Senegal: The implications of colonial legacies in current management policies. Tourism Planning & Development 16(2): 217–234. DOI 10.1080/21568316.2018.1563804. Sène-HarperA. SéyeM. 2019 Community-based tourism around national parks in Senegal: The implications of colonial legacies in current management policies Tourism Planning & Development 16 2 217 234 10.1080/21568316.2018.1563804 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Simmons D.G., 1994. Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management 15(2): 98–108. DOI 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5. SimmonsD.G. 1994 Community participation in tourism planning Tourism Management 15 2 98 108 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Snyman S.L., 2012. The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(3): 395–416. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2012.657202. SnymanS.L. 2012 The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20 3 395 416 10.1080/09669582.2012.657202 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Spenceley A., Goodwin H., 2007. Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa. Current Issues in Tourism 10(2–3): 255–277. DOI 10.2167/cit305.0. SpenceleyA. GoodwinH. 2007 Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa Current Issues in Tourism 10 2–3 255 277 10.2167/cit305.0 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Stone L.S., Stone T.M., 2011. Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(1): 97–114. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2010.508527. StoneL.S. StoneT.M. 2011 Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19 1 97 114 10.1080/09669582.2010.508527 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Stone M.T., Nyaupane G.P., 2018. Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26(2): 307–324. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2017.1349774. StoneM.T. NyaupaneG.P. 2018 Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26 2 307 324 10.1080/09669582.2017.1349774 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Strydom A.J., Mangope D., Henama U.S., 2018. Lessons learned from successful community-based tourism case studies from the Global South. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7(2): 1–13. StrydomA.J. MangopeD. HenamaU.S. 2018 Lessons learned from successful community-based tourism case studies from the Global South African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 7 2 1 13 Search in Google Scholar

Tosun C., 1999. Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process. Anatolia 10(2): 113–134. DOI 10.1080/13032917.1999.9686975. TosunC. 1999 Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process Anatolia 10 2 113 134 10.1080/13032917.1999.9686975 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Tosun C., 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management 21(6): 613–633. DOI 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1. TosunC. 2000 Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries Tourism Management 21 6 613 633 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Tosun C., Jenkins C.L., 1998. The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 4(2): 101–114. DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199806)4:2<101::AID-PTH100>3.0.CO;2-Z. TosunC. JenkinsC.L. 1998 The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 4 2 101 114 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199806)4:2<101::AID-PTH100>3.0.CO;2-Z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Wells M.P., 1996. The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa. Environmental Conservation 23(04): 322–331. DOI 10.1017/S0376892900039187. WellsM.P. 1996 The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa Environmental Conservation 23 04 322 331 10.1017/S0376892900039187 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Zhang Y., Xiao X., Cao R., Zheng C., Guo Y., Gong W., Wei Z., 2020. How important is community participation to eco-environmental conservation in protected areas? From the perspective of predicting locals’ pro-environmental behaviours. Science of the Total Environment 739; 2020. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139889. ZhangY. XiaoX. CaoR. ZhengC. GuoY. GongW. WeiZ. 2020 How important is community participation to eco-environmental conservation in protected areas? From the perspective of predicting locals’ pro-environmental behaviours Science of the Total Environment 739 2020 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139889 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar