A review of emerging trends in experimental, simulation, and theoretical methods for dose calculation in radiation processing

Fig. 1.

List of articles focusing on the development of the dosimeter

Dosimeter	Beam	Shape	Dose range	Reader	Uncertainty	Reference
TLD-doped silica fibers	Gamma	Fiber with a cylinder shape with a diameter of 8.5 μm for core and 125 μm for cladding	Up to 20 Gy	Harshaw 3500 TL reader	N/A	[14, 28]
Radiochromic film containing poly(hexa-2,4-diynylene adipate)	Gamma	1 cm × 1 cm size sheets; thickness 0.037 ± 0.004 mm	0.5–65 kGy	UV–Vis’s spectrophotometer (the measurement wavelength is 520 nm)	5.5% (2σ)	[33]
Inorganic phosphor particles, NaYF4:Yb3+ and Er3+	Low-energy (80/140/200 keV) electron beam	Liquid spray (1.6 μm thickness)	5–30 kGy	The luminescence decay time of the phosphor was recorded via the photocurrent of a silicon photodiode (Osram SFH2200) equipped with a 980 nm band-pass filter (BrightLine 980/10)	15% (2σ)	[30, 31]
Silica optical fiber scintillators	Electron beam (1 MeV)	Fiber with a cylinder shape with a diameter of 600 μm for core and 630 μm for cladding	10–70 kGy	Hamamatsu C10082Ca spectrometer (luminescence spectra wavelengths from 200 nm to 800 nm)	N/A	[29]
PVA films with different concentrations of MTB dye	Gamma	Liquid stored in 3 ml glass ampoules	2.5–20 kGy (for film) and 0.1–1.2 kGy (for solution)	UV–Vis spectrophotometry (Shimadzu, Japan); the wave-length ranges from 350 nm to 700 nm	N/A	[32]
High-density polyethylene (A4009)	Gamma; electron beam (2.5 MeV)	30 mm × 20 mm × 28 μm	25–1000 kGy	NICOLET Magna IR-750 spectrometer	N/A	[35]
Fructose	Gamma	0.5 g of clip plastic	0.05–30 kGy	MiniScope MS5000 EPR spectrometer	N/A	[34]
High-density polyethylene	Gamma; electron beam (2.5 MeV)	30 mm × 4 mm × 28 μm	5–193 kGy (for gamma); 5–300 kGy (for electron)	Bruker ER 200D spectrometer	N/A	[36]

Studies related to theoretical methods for processing radiation

Year	Calculation method	Physical parameter	Object	Author	Reference
2006	Multipole moment	Flux	Co-60 pencils	Loussaief A.	[86]
2007	Multipole moment	Dose	Co-60 pencils	Loussaief A.	[87]
2016	Haar Wavelet Numerical method	Flux	Co-60 pencils	Belkadhi K.	[89]
2017	Haar Wavelet Numerical method	Flux	Irradiated products with different densities	Belkadhi K.	[15]
2017	Multipole moment	Flux	Co-60 pencils	Rezaeian P.	[88]
2020	TOPSIS	Dose	Irradiated product (box)	Singh M.	[90]
2023	Voronoi diagram	Dose	Irradiated product (box)	Singh M.	[10]

A list of articles focusing on MC simulation studies related to radiation processing facilities and food irradiation modeling

Type	Object	Beam	MC code	Parameters	Year	Reference
Modeling of radiation processing facilities	USA, JS-7500 MDS Nordion (first category, dry storage)	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose profile	2021	[61]
	Tunisia, C-188 MDS Nordion France (second category, dry storage)	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Isodose curve	2021	[54]
	Malaysia, Gamma cell (first category, dry storage)	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose profile	2021	[61]
Food irradiation modeling	Melon (USA)	Electron beam 1.35 MeV and 10 MeV	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2010	[67]
	Egg (USA)	10 MeV (high-energy) and 1.35 MeV (low-energy) for electron beams, 5 MeV for X-rays, and 1.25 MeV for gamma rays	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2011	[71]
	Pineapple (USA)	2 MeV (low-energy) and 10 MeV (high-energy) for electron beams, 1.25 MeV for gamma rays, and 5 MeV for X-rays	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2013	[72]
	Mangosteen (USA)	Electron beam (high-energy) and 1.35 MeV (low energy); 5 MeV for X-rays; and 1.25 MeV for Co-60 gamma rays	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2014	[77]
	Mangoes (USA)	1.25 MeV from a Co-60 source	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2015	[73]
	Potatoes, onion (India)	2 MeV, 5 MeV, and 10 MeV electron beams	MCNPX2.6	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2018	[78]
	Pine (USA)	10 MeV electron beam and 1.25 MeV gamma rays	MCNP-5	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2019	[74]
	Egg (Japan)	80-kV electron beam	PHITS	Surface and inside dose	2023	[79]
	Apple (Iran)	Electron beam = 500 keV; X-ray = 200 kV	Geant4	Dose distribution, depth-dose curve	2023	[58]

A list of articles focusing on the development of measurement methods

Dosimeter type	Key results	Method	Beam	Year	Reference
EBT3 Gafchromic film	Extending the sensitivity of the EBT3 film to high doses up to 100 Gy while ensuring low-dose uncertainty	An optical setup involving a broadband light source, a fiber optic probe working in reflection configuration, and a spectrometer was used to detect changes in the spectral response of several EBT3 films	250 kV X-rays and 1 MeV electron beam	2020	[37]
Alanine	Determine a scaling factor to convert a dose determination using alanine based on Co-60 calibration to give the dose delivered in a high-energy electron beam	This study combines the alanine dose results of experimental and simulation studies	≥6 MeV electron beam	2020	[41]
PMMA	Introducing a new dosimetry method called Z-scan to optimize the PMMA dosimeter	The Z-scan system was used to measure the non-linear optical properties of the PMMA dosimeter. A He-Cd laser beam (442 nm, 150 mW) was used for this system	Gamma	2021	[40]
Alanine	A correction factor that can be used for alanine to measure the kilovoltage is X-rays	Combined experimental and MC simulation codes for measuring the dose at several X-rays beam quality	20–180 keV X-rays	2022	[38]
Alanine	A model to calculate the relative efficiency of alanine pellets in low-energy X-ray beams	A microdosimetric one-hit detector model was used to characterize the detector’s intrinsic efficiency. Geant4-DNA MC simulations estimated microdosimetric distributions, with literature data providing the free model parameters	Low (40–170 kV) and medium X-rays (100–300 kV)	2022	[45]
B3 film	Understanding the effect of heating the B3 film dosimeter on performance	DSC was used to analyze the thermal properties of B3 radiochromic dosimetry films. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition behavior of irradiated and non-irradiated films were studied	Low-energy electron beam (200 kV)	2022	[42]
Gafchromic MD-V3 and HD-V2 films	Understanding the effect of temperature on dose measurement during irradiation	Gafchromic MD-V3 and HD-V2 were irradiated at various temperatures, and their optical density	Gamma	2022	[43]

A list of MC modeling for irradiation facilities

Country/irradiator type	Year	Irradiator categories	Beam	Software MC	Parameters	Experiments	Agreement MC/EXP	Reference
Iran, IR-136 irradiator	2002	IV. Wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP	Isodose curve, absorbed dose, and dose rate	PMMA, Fricke, ECB, potassium dichromate dosimeter	2.0–6.0%	[96]
	2002	IV. Wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP	Absorbed dose	PMMA, Fricke, ECB, potassium dichromate dosimeter	2.0–6.0%	[97]
Iran, Gamma Cell	1993	I. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	EGS4	Dose rate, flux	Fricke	<5.0%	[98]
	2017	I. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP	Flux distribution	PMMA	Good agreement	[88]
USA, JS-7500 MDS Nordion	2003	IV wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	ITS/ACCEPT MC Code	Absorbed dose	FWT-60	2.0–5.0%	[99]
Portugal, UTR GAMA-Pi	2000	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP 4B2	Dose rate	Amber perspex and cericaceous dosimeters	Max. deviation = 1.08%	[100]
	2000	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP	Flux, Air Kerma Rate	Ion chamber	Max. deviation 12%, avg. MC/EXP = 0.968	[101]
	2007	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate	Fricke	Avg. MC/EXP = 0.947 and 1.102, respectively	[102]
	2008	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX, PENELOPE	Isodose curve and dose rate	Fricke	Deviation 2.0–3.0%	[53]
	2010	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate (per second)	Ion chamber and PMMA dosimeter	Good agreement	[103]
Tunisia, C-188 MDS Nord	2005	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Dose rate and isodose curve	Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA	Avg. deviation of 6.0% (>6.0% for 6 data points)	[104]
	2005	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Isodose curve and dose uniformity	Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA	Avg. deviation of 5.0%	[105]
	2007	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Dose, dose rate, transit dose	Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA	Good agreement	[81]
	2017	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Absorbed dose, dose rate, dose uniformity, and isodose curve	PMMA	<3.0%	[106]
South Korea, C-188 MDS Nord	2008	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate	Ion chamber and MOSFET dosimeter	Max. deviation = 3.0%	[107]
South Korea, EB Tech	2023	N/A	2.5 MeV electron beam	MCNP 6.2	Relative dose	CTA film dosimeter	Good agreement	[108]
UK, JS-7500 MDS Nordion	2009	Wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	EGSnrc	Dose rate	Ion chamber and alanine	Max. deviation 2.0% (IC) and 4.0% (alanine)	[55]
Vietnam/SVST-Co60 B VINAGAMA	2010	IV. Wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP-4C	Absorbed dose, dose rate, and dose uniformity	ECB	Max. deviation = 6.0%	[50]
Vietnam	2021	N/A	UERL-10-15S2 linear accelerator	MCNP4c	Relative depth dose	B3 WINdose	<6.0%	[64]
Syria	2013	Wet storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP-4C	Dose rate	ECB	4.0–7.0%	[109]
Bangladesh	2018	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX 2.7	Absorbed dose and dose rate	Fricke and cerebral	Max. deviation 12%	[110]
Brazil, GB-127 MDS Nordion	2017	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate and isodose curve	Fricke	Max. deviation = 8.03%	[111]
	2017	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX 2.6	Absorbed dose, dose rate, isodose curve	Fricke	Max. deviation = 9.0%	[112]
	2019	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX 2.9	Absorbed dose, dose rate, isodose curve	Fricke	Max. deviation 21%	[113]
Malaysia, Gamma cell	2017	I. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNP	Dose rate and spectrum	TLD (silica fiber dosimeter)	Max. deviation 6.7%	[14]
Croatia	2019	I. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Dose rate, transit dose	Ion chamber	5.0–8.0% (Avg. 6.0%)	[70]
	2024	I. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	PHITS	Dose rate	Ion chamber: ECB	Max. deviation = 5.0%	[8]
Morocco, Co-60	2020	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate and isodose curve	Alanine	Max. deviation 7.3%	[114]
	2020	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate and isodose curve	Alanine	Max. deviation = 9.0%	[115]
	2020	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate	Fricke	Max. deviation = 9.0%	[60]
	2021	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	MCNPX	Dose rate	Alanine	Max. deviation = 9.0%	[62]
	2023	II. Dry storage	Co-60, Gamma	Geant4	Transit dose	Fricke	Max. deviation = 9.0%	[82]
France	2022	N/A	X-ray	MCNPX 2.7, RayXpert	Dose rate, isodose curve, dose-uniformity ratio, spectrum	Alanine	2.4% and 4.1%	[46]

A list of MC modeling for another irradiated object

Year	Object	Software MC	Parameters	Experiments	Agreement MC/EXP	Reference
2021, 2023	Egg	PHITS	Dose and dose distribution	RCD, FWT60-180, Far West Technology	Good agreement	[79, 116]
2021	Cables	MCNP 6.2	Energy deposition (MeV/g)	CTA film dosimeter	Good agreement	[66]
2024	Aluminum, ethafoam, wood, polystyrene	PUFFin	Depth-dose distribution	CTA, B3-layer film; FWT-60, full-length	Good agreement	[57]