Photochemical decomposition |
pH 3–10 |
Half-lives of 5.5 min (pH3) to 23.1 h (pH4) Hydrolytic degradation <5% |
[7, 8] |
Adsorbents |
Living microalgae |
HCQ 20 mg·L-1, pH 9.9, 45 min, 300 rpm stirring speed microalgae loading of 100 mg·L-1 |
92.10 ± 1.25% maximum biosorption capacity is 339.02 mg·g-1 |
[18] |
H3PO4-activated Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh biochar |
Adsorbent dose (0.025–1 g·L-1), pH (4–11) contact time (0–240 min) HCQ (10–50 mg·L-1) |
98.9% (qmax = 353.58 mg·g-1) surface area (1088.806 m2·g-1) |
[19] |
Natural zeolite CP |
pH 2–7.5 298 K, 303 K, and 308 K |
7 mg·g-1 7 cycles reuse |
[20] |
Algerian kaolin |
0.05–0.15 g·L-1 sorbent, and pH of 3–7 5–50 mg·L-1 HCQ |
Capacity of 51 mg·g-1 0.15 g·L-1 of kaolin, 5 mg·L-1 as HCQ initial concentration, and pH 7 are optimal |
[21] |
Catalysis |
ZnO-CP catalyst |
2 g·L-1 15% ZnO-CP pH = 7.5 UV-A radiation, 10 mg·L-1 HCQ, 180 min |
96% |
[17] |
Modified titanium oxide using beta-bismuth oxide TiO2/ß-Bi2O3 |
120 min, pH 3–11 10 mg·L-1 HCQ, 0.1 g·L-1 catalyst, 0.1 mg·L-1 H2O2 |
91.8% 6 cycles >70% degradation |
[12] |
MoS2/CNTs nanocomposite |
MoS2/CNTs 10:1 ratio loading of 0.1 g·L-1 pH of 8.7, HCQ-20 mg·L-1 120 min |
70% Lower band gap energy (1.2 eV), higher specific surface area (30.6 m2·g-1) |
[13] |
Ti3GeC2 with peroxydisulfate |
20 mg·L-1 HCQ 0.2 g·L-1 Ti3GeC2, 0.15 mmol·L-1 PDS, ultrasound irradiation 80 min |
60.42% Dependent on catalyst dosage (0.1–0.2 g·L-1) |
[16] |
Advanced oxidation processess |
Electrochemical oxidation |
BDD anodes, HCQ 36–250 mg·L-1, j = 20 mA·cm-2, pH = 7.1, T = 25°C, 0.05 M Na2SO4 |
100% |
[14] |
Electrochemical oxidation |
BDD electrode 15 mA·cm-2, 30 mA·cm-2, and 45 mA·cm-2 |
100% COD (68%, 71%, and 84%) |
[15] |
Fe(0)//UV system |
dose: 194.31 mg·L-1; Fe(0): 198.83 mg·L-1; pH = 2.02 and HCQ 296.41 mg·L-1 60 min |
98.95% |
[21] |
Gamma irradiation |
100 ppm HCQ A dose rate of 26.31 Gy·min-1 pH = 6.2 |
98.5% TOC removal (8 kGy) complete mineralization |
[22] |
Gamma irradiation |
20 ppm HCQ, 1 kGy dose 4.2 kGy1 |
100% |
[23] |