of China's Foreign Trade Liberalization

Andrzej Cieślik; Tenzin Tseyang

Otwarty dostęp

The Effectiveness of China's Foreign Trade Liberalization

Andrzej Cieślik

oraz

Tenzin Tseyang

| 18 wrz 2021

Miscellanea Geographica

Tom 25 (2021): Zeszyt 4 (October 2021)

Thematic Issue: “Innovation in geospatial and 3D data” focuses on the newest achievements in the field of Geodata, which are used in Geosciences and for various applications such as urban planning, territorial management, damage assessment, environmental monitoring, 3D city modelling, renewable energy assessment, land registry, heritage documentation.

O artykule

Poprzedni artykuł

Następny artykuł

Zacytuj

Udostępnij

Data publikacji: 18 wrz 2021

Zakres stron: 238 - 245

Otrzymano: 25 sty 2020

Przyjęty: 11 maj 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0064

Słowa kluczowe
China, trade liberalization, incomplete specialization, gravity model, WTO

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Dependent Variable: Total Imports

Explanatory variable	OLS (1)	FE (2)	RE (3)	FE (year) (4)	RE (year) (5)
Total GDP	2.590^*** (0.097)	2.115^*** (0.230)	2.425^*** (0.263)	1.910^*** (0.186)	2.093^*** (0.200)
Similarity index	1.395^*** (0.028)	0.559^*** (0.203)	1.094^*** (0.122)	0.565^*** (0.197)	1.181^*** (0.112)
Sum of K/L ratio	0.159^* (0.061)	0.199 (0.334)	0.642^** (0.254)	−0.040 (0.385)	0.402 (0.258)
Difference of K/L ratio	0.253^*** (0.046)	−0.061 (0.069)	−0.013 (0.073)	−0.039 (0.072)	0.021 (0.073)
Sum of T/L ratio	0.047 (0.591)	−1.716^* (0.984)	0.390 (0.244)	−1.689^* (1.012)	0.421^* (0.248)
Difference of T/L ratio	0.356^*** (0.054)	− 0.118 (0.191)	−0.139 (0.147)	−0.121 (0.197)	−0.025 (0.147)
Distance	−0.943^*** (0.090)	(omitted)	−1.326^*** (0.333)	(omitted)	−1.338^*** (0.328)
RTA-APTA	−0.980^*** (0.159)	−0.364^* (0.205)	−0.600^** (0.240)	−0.382^* (0.214)	−0.654^** (0.263)
RTA-HONGKONG	0.624^** (0.247)	−1.759^*** (0.141)	−1.827^*** (0.132)	−1.912^*** (0.158)	−1.967^*** (0.140)
RTA-MACAO	−0.481 (0.377)	−1.925^*** (0.227)	−2.459^*** (0.135)	−1.998^*** (0.231)	−2.551^*** (0.145)
RTA-ASEAN	1.060^*** (0.128)	−0.301 (0.376)	−0.293 (0.390)	−0.333 (0.150)	−0.375 (0.156)
RTA-CHILE	2.438^*** (0.114)	(omitted)	3.221^*** (0.377)	(omitted)	3.062^*** (0.361)
RTA-PAKISTAN	−0.470^*** (0.176)	−1.449^*** (0.290)	−1.214^*** (0.250)	−1.498^*** (0.297)	−1.280^*** (0.253)
RTA-NEWZEALAND	1.448^*** 11111(0.124)	−0.430^*** (0.149)	−0.162 (0.129)	−0.544^*** (0.165)	−0.263^** (0.126)
RTA-PERU	1.848^*** (0.146)	−0.530^*** (0.144)	−0.378^*** (0.114)	−0.618^*** (0.137)	−0.485^*** (0.110)
RTA-COSTA RICA	4.386^*** (0.251)	0.796^*** (0.220)	1.337^*** (0.209)	0.737^*** (0.221)	1.348^*** (0.206)
RTA – SWITZERLAND	2.251^*** (0.080)	0.478^*** (0.122)	0.394^*** (0.120)	0.527^*** (0.147)	0.422^*** (0.127)
RTA – ICELAND	−1.097^*** (0.144)	−1.101^*** (0.172)	−0.802^*** (0.136)	−1.081^*** (0.192)	−0.757^*** (0.139)
WTO	0.481^*** (0.126)	0.165 (0.132)	0.342^** (0.144)	0.284 (0.540)	0.867^** (0.425)
Constant	−9.158^*** (1.166)	−24.027^*** (3.915)	−5.563 (3.861)	−22.489^*** (3.765)	−2.584^*** (2.141)
F-test (P-value)		25.30 (0.0000)		25.50 (0.0000)
LM-test (P-value)			5904.34 (0.0000)		6083.48 (0.000)
Hausman test (P-value)				119.57 (0.0000)
R² overall	0.7135	0.1801	0.6844	0.1675	0.6932
R² within		0.4320	0.4164	0.4443	0.4270
R² between		0.1238	0.7580	0.1089	0.7695
Number of Observations	2841	2841	2841	2841	2841
RETEST (p-value)	(0.0000)	(0.6031)	(0.0226)	(0.4223)	(0.0101)

Dependent Variable: Total Exports

Explanatory variable	OLS (1)	FE (2)	RE (3)	FE (year) (4)	RE (year) (5)
Total GDP	2.337^*** (0.080)	2.324^*** (0.248)	2.337^*** (0.226)	1.996^*** (0.150)	2.005^*** (0.136)
Similarity index	0.920^*** (0.013)	0.833^*** (0.093)	0.858^*** (0.062)	0.870^*** (0.090)	0.903^*** (0.061)
Sum of K/L ratio	0.081^* (0.048)	0.263 (0.146)	0.264 (0.171)	−0.040 (0.134)	−0.001 (0.117)
Difference of K/L ratio	0.087^*** (0.024)	−0.003 (0.038)	−0.001 (0.037)	0.024 (0.495)	0.024 (0.034)
Sum of T/L ratio	−0.446^*** (0.053)	−0.320 (0.572)	−0.344 (0.233)	−0.035 (0.540)	−0.271 (0.223)
Difference of T/L ratio	0.231^*** (0.033)	0.123 (0.144)	0.144 (0.128)	0.112 (0.132)	0.139 (0.121)
Distance	−0.460^*** (0.056)	(omitted)	−0.664^*** (0.206)	(omitted)	−0.747^*** (0.205)
RTA-APTA	−0.369^*** (0.086)	−0.450^** (0.218)	−0.451^** (0.200)	−0.446^** (0.207)	−0.449^** (0.190)
RTA-HONGKONG	2.760^*** (0.127)	−0.670^*** (0.108)	−0.575^*** (0.084)	−0.860^*** (0.089)	−0.747^*** (0.068)
RTA-MACAO	0.187 (0.235)	−1.606^*** (0.118)	−1.577^*** (0.078)	−1.706^*** (0.113)	−1.669^*** (0.077)
RTA-ASEAN	0.418^*** (0.087)	−0.306 (0.186)	−0.291 (0.179)	−0.410^** (0.175)	−0.389^** (0.170)
RTA-CHILE	1.052^*** (0.078)	(omitted)	1.221^*** (0.227)	(omitted)	1.216^*** (0.230)
RTA-PAKISTAN	−0.008 (0.092)	−0.221 (0.217)	−0.191 (0.195)	−0.347^* (0.204)	−0.318^* (0.188)
RTA-NEWZEALAND	0.520^*** (0.057)	−0.281^*** (0.093)	−0.262^*** (0.093)	−0.440^*** (0.073)	−0.407^*** (0.069)
RTA-PERU	0.426^*** (0.067)	0.363^*** (0.067)	0.361^*** (0.061)	0.374^*** (0.066)	0.356^*** (0.056)
RTA-COSTA RICA	0.215^* (0.121)	−0.154^* (0.093)	−0.128 (0.090)	−0.080 (0.091)	−0.600 (0.087)
RTA – SWITZERLAND	−1.310^*** (0.045)	−1.088^*** (0.095)	−1.101^*** (0.087)	−1.057^*** (0.081)	−1.048^*** (0.072)
RTA – ICELAND	−0.776^*** (0.077)	−0.255^** (0.101)	−0.253^*** (0.094)	−0.237^*** (0.082)	−0.206^*** (0.070)
WTO	0.205^** (0.080)	0.136^* (0.080)	0.140^* (0.082)	0.940^*** (0.278)	0.853^*** (0.238)
Constant	−13.999^*** (0.732)	−18.176^*** (2.125)	−12.221^*** (2.611)	−15.355^*** (1.652)	−7.578^*** (2.141)
F-test (P-value)		68.43 (0.0000)		74.81 (0.0000)
LM-test (P-value)			14333.58 (0.000)		14892.82 (0.000)
Hausman test (P-value)			42.95 (0.0005)		54.93 (0.0172)
R² overall	0.824	0.7843	0.8053	0.7604	0.8056
R² within		0.8110	0.8109	0.8280	0.8277
R² between		0.7770	0.7995	0.7460	0.7968
Number of Observations	2902	2926	2926	2926	2926
RETEST (p-value)	(0.1890)	(0.0182)	(0.0204)	(0.0283)	(0.0003)

Dependent Variable: Trade Volume

Explanatory variable	OLS (1)	FE (2)	RE (3)	FE (year) (4)	RE (year) (5)
Total GDP	2.317^*** (0.058)	2.233^*** (0.224)	2.285^*** (0.222)	1.917^*** (0.126)	1.939^*** (0.122)
Similarity index	0.970^*** (0.014)	0.784^*** (0.091)	0.858^*** (0.063)	0.821^*** (0.081)	0.908^*** (0.058)
Sum of K/L ratio	0.177^*** (0.045)	0.150 (0.184)	0.270 (0.179)	−0.166 (0.149)	−0.024 (0.135)
Difference of K/L ratio	0.070^*** (0.023)	−0.020 (0.037)	−0.010 (0.038)	0.009 (0.035)	0.017 (0.035)
Sum of T/L ratio	−0.276^*** (0.052)	−1.075^* (0.572)	−0.328 (0.213)	−0.814 (0.558)	−0.269 (0.211)
Difference of T/L ratio	0.259^*** (0.032)	0.165 (0.137)	0.148 (0.115)	0.153 (0.131)	0.142 (0.112)
Distance	−0.553^*** (0.056)	(omitted)	−0.722^*** (0.216)	(omitted)	−0.795^*** (0.209)
RTA-APTA	−0.450^*** (0.093)	−0.338 (0.206)	−0.406^** (0.198)	−0.329 (0.199)	−0.402^** (0.192)
RTA-HONGKONG	2.326^*** (0.129)	−0.706^*** (0.097)	−0.667^*** (0.083)	−0.895^*** (0.085)	−0.839^*** (0.069)
RTA-MACAO	−0.088 (0.246)	−1.514^*** (0.116)	−1.610^*** (0.083)	−1.607^*** (0.111)	−1.697^*** (0.083)
RTA-ASEAN	0.544^*** (0.087)	−0.287^* (0.158)	−0.285^* (0.162)	−0.372^** (0.150)	−0.375^** (0.156)
RTA-CHILE	1.471^*** (0.078)	(omitted)	1.848^*** (0.230)	(omitted)	1.833^*** (0.226)
RTA-PAKISTAN	−0.194^** (0.091)	−0.303 (0.201)	−0.304^* (0.175)	−0.410^** (0.194)	−0.419^** (0.169)
RTA-NEWZEALAND	0.690^*** (0.065)	−0.241^** (0.099)	−0.170^* (0.097)	−0.404^*** (0.080)	−0.325^*** (0.073)
RTA-PERU	0.752^*** (0.086)	−0.088 (0.077)	−0.033 (0.067)	−0.112 (0.071)	−0.079 (0.058)
RTA-COSTA RICA	1.591^*** (0.130)	0.514^*** (0.109)	0.609^*** (0.103)	0.550^*** (0.107)	0.642^*** (0.101)
RTA – SWITZERLAND	0.894^*** (0.043)	0.244^*** (0.090)	0.234^*** (0.086)	0.244^*** (0.082)	0.247^*** (0.073)
RTA – ICELAND	−1.366^*** (0.076)	−0.501^*** (0.115)	−0.450^*** (0.105)	−0.517^*** (0.096)	−0.444^*** (0.081)
WTO	0.208^*** (0.069)	0.134 (0.081)	0.176^** (0.086)	0.885^*** (0.326)	0.929^*** (0.280)
Constant	−11.519^*** (0.732)	−19.372^*** (2.205)	−10.729^*** (2.550)	−16.674^*** (1.757)	−7.578^*** (2.141)
F-test (P-value)		62.92 (0.000)		68.08 (0.000)
LM-test (P-value)			13056.20 (0.000)		13523.72 (0.000)
Hausman test (P-value)		13.96 (0.6701)		22.85 (0.9432)
R² overall	0.824	0.655	0.805	0.694	0.804
R² within		0.791	0.789	0.807	0.806
R² between		0.622	0.805	0.672	0.802
Number of Observations	2902	2902	2902	2902	2902
RETEST (p-value)	(0.7347)	(0.0062)	(0.0019)	(0.0000)	(0.0003)

eISSN:: 2084-6118
Język:: Angielski

Częstotliwość wydawania:: 4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:: Geosciences, Geography, other

Kanał RSS czasopisma