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The effect of postural orientation on body composition and total body water estimates produced by smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis: an intra- and inter-device evaluation

Anabelle Vallecillo-Bustos
Anabelle Vallecillo-Bustos
, 
Abby T. Compton
Abby T. Compton
, 
Sydney H. Swafford
Sydney H. Swafford
, 
Megan E. Renna
Megan E. Renna
, 
Tanner Thorsen
Tanner Thorsen
, 
Jon Stavres
Jon Stavres
 oraz 
Austin J. Graybeal
Austin J. Graybeal
   | 05 sie 2024
Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance's Cover Image
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Data publikacji: 05 sie 2024
Zakres stron: 89 - 98
Otrzymano: 03 cze 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2024-0010
Słowa kluczowe
© 2024 Anabelle Vallecillo-Bustos et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig 1a-d.

Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in the combined sample. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represents the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.026.
Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in the combined sample. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represents the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.026.

Fig 2a-d.

Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in females. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represent the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line, and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.003.
Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in females. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represent the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line, and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.003.

Fig 3a-d.

Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in males. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represents the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.045.
Bland-Altman analyses for body composition and total body water estimates measured by SWBIA and the criterion DXA and BIS in males. Bland-Altman plots for BF% (a), FM (b), FFM (c), and TBW (d) estimates by SWBIA body position (rows) are displayed. The upper and lower dashed lines on each plot represents the 95% limits of agreement, and the middle-dashed lines represent the mean difference between SWBIA and the criterion DXA or BIS. The solid blue line represents the regression line and the surrounding shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. SWBIA: smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIS: bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BF%: body fat percentage; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; LOA: 95% limits of agreement. *, significant proportional bias at p ≤ 0.045.

Agreement between SWBIA and BIS-derived estimates of total body water by body position.

Mean (95%CI) MD (95%CI) R2 RMSE CCC
Combined (N = 106)
BIS 37.0 (35.4, 38.5)
SWBIASeated 37.2 (35.7, 38.7) .08 (-.46, .62) .88 2.80 .94
SWBIAStand 37.2 (35.6, 38.7) .05 (-.49, .59) .89 2.79 .94
SWBIASupine 37.1 (35.5, 38.6)*,† -.05 (-.59, .49) .89 2.79 .94
Female (N = 62)
BIS 33.4 (31.9, 34.9)
SWBIASeated 32.6 (31.3, 33.8) -.78 (-1.43, -.14)‡ .82 2.64 .89
SWBIAStand 32.5 (31.3, 33.8) -.85 (-1.49, -.20)‡ .82 2.66 .89
SWBIASupine 32.4 (31.1, 33.7)† -.96 (-1.61, -.31)‡ .81 2.72 .88
Male (N = 44)
BIS 42.1 (39.6, 44.5)
SWBIASeated 43.9 (41.7, 46.1) 1.29 (.46, 2.13)‡ .88 3.02 .92
SWBIAStand 43.9 (41.7, 46.0) 1.32 (.50, 2.13)‡ .89 2.96 .93
SWBIASupine 43.8 (41.6, 46.0) 1.23 (.43, 2.04)‡ .89 2.88 .93

Participant characteristics.

Total (n = 117) Female (n = 69) Male (n = 48)
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Age (y) 21.4 ± 3.0 21.2 ± 1.8 21.7 ± 4.1
Height (cm) 168.2 ± 8.9 163.4 ± 5.9* 175.2 ± 7.8
Weight (kg) 71.9 ± 18.1 68.2 ± 17.6* 77.1 ± 17.7
BMI (kg/m2) 25.3 ± 5.7 25.5 ± 6.4 25.0 ± 4.5
Body fat (%) 28.6 ± 10.3 33.6 ± 8.9* 21.5 ± 7.6
Fat mass (kg) 21.2 ± 12.3 24.1 ± 13.2* 17.2 ± 9.6
FFM (kg) 50.7 ± 12.0 44.2 ± 6.7* 60.0 ± 11.8
TBW (L) 37.0 ± 8.1 33.4 ± 6.0* 42.1 ± 7.9
N (%) N (%) N (%)
Race
White 42 (35.9%) 29 (42.0%) 13 (27.1%)
Black 37 (31.6%) 25 (36.2%) 12 (25.0%)
Asian 32 (27.4%) 10 (14.5%) 22 (45.8%)
Hispanic 6 (5.1%) 5 (7.2%) 1 (2.1%)
Weight Status
Normal 66 (56.4%) 40 (58.0%) 26 (54.2%)
Overweight 33 (28.2%) 18 (26.1%) 15 (31.3%)
Obese 18 (15.4%) 11 (15.9%) 7 (14.6%)

Agreement between SWBIA and DXA-derived body composition estimates by body position.

Mean (95%CI) MD (95%CI) R2 RMSE CCC
Combined (N = 117) BF%
DXA 28.6 (26.7, 30.5)
SWBIASeated 29.0 (27.4, 30.7) .43 (-.38, 1.23) .82 4.40 .90
SWBIAStand 28.9 (27.2, 30.6) .30 (-.50, 1.10) .82 4.37 .90
SWBIASupine 29.2 (27.5, 30.9)* .62 (-.17, 1.42) .82 4.37 .90
FM (kg)
DXA 21.2 (19.0, 23.5)
SWBIASeated 21.6 (19.5, 23.6) .31 (-.28, .89) .94 3.18 .96
SWBIAStand 21.5 (19.4, 23.5) .22 (-.37, .80) .93 3.19 .96
SWBIASupine 21.7 (19.6, 23.8)* .45 (-.12, 1.03) .94 3.15 .96
FFM (kg)
DXA 50.7 (48.5, 52.8)
SWBIASeated 50.3 (48.3, 52.4) -.31 (-.89, .28) .93 3.18 .96
SWBIAStand 50.4 (48.4, 52.5) -.22 (-.80, .37) .93 3.19 .96
SWBIASupine 50.2 (48.1, 52.3)* -.45 (-1.03, .12) .93 3.15 .96
Females (n = 69) BF%
DXA 33.6 (31.4, 35.7)
SWBIASeated 34.2 (32.4, 35.9) .56 (-.35, 1.47) .82 3.81 .89
SWBIAStand 33.9 (32.2, 35.7) .34 (-.60, 1.27) .82 3.88 .89
SWBIASupine 34.4 (32.7, 36.1)* .81 (-.11, 1.73) .83 3.89 .88
FM (kg)
DXA 24.1 (20.9, 27.2)
SWBIASeated 24.3 (21.4, 27.3) .26 (-.35, .87) .97 2.54 .98
SWBIAStand 24.2 (21.3, 27.1) .12 (-.50, .74) .97 2.57 .98
SWBIASupine 24.5 (21.6, 27.5)* .44 (-.17, 1.05) .97 2.55 .98
FFM (kg)
DXA 44.2 (42.6, 45.8)
SWBIASeated 43.9 (42.3, 45.5) -.26 (-.87, .35) .86 2.54 .93
SWBIAStand 44.0 (42.5, 45.6) -.12 (-.74, .50) .86 2.57 .93
SWBIASupine 43.7 (42.1, 45.3)* -.44 (-1.05, .17) .86 2.55 .93
Males (n = 48) BF%
DXA 21.5 (19.3, 23.7)
SWBIASeated 21.7 (19.9, 23.5) .24 (-1.26, 1.74) .56 5.13 .72
SWBIAStand 21.7 (19.9, 23.5) .25 (-1.22, 1.72) .56 5.00 .73
SWBIASupine 21.8 (20.0, 23.7) .35 (-1.11, 1.81) .57 4.98 .74
FM (kg)
DXA 17.2 (14.4, 20.0)
SWBIASeated 17.5 (15.0, 20.1) .37 (-.77, 1.52) .83 3.93 .91
SWBIAStand 17.5 (15.0, 20.0) .36 (-.79, 1.50) .83 3.90 .91
SWBIASupine 17.6 (15.1, 20.2) .47 (-.65, 1.59) .84 3.85 .91
FFM (kg)
DXA 60.0 (56.5, 63.4)
SWBIASeated 59.6 (56.6, 62.6) -.37 (-1.52, .77) .90 3.93 .94
SWBIAStand 59.6 (56.6, 62.6) -.36 (-1.50, .79) .89 3.90 .94
SWBIASupine 59.5 (56.5, 62.5) -.47 (-1.59, .65) .90 3.85 .94
eISSN:
1891-5469
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Engineering, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Electronics, Life Sciences, Biophysics, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, Spectroscopy and Metrology
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