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Feasibility of kinetic orbital bombardment

L. Koene

L. Koene

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Koene, L.
, 
N.V.H. Schouten

N.V.H. Schouten

Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defense AcademyDen Helder, Netherlands
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Schouten, N.V.H.
 oraz 
R. Savelsberg

R. Savelsberg

Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defense AcademyDen Helder, Netherlands
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Savelsberg, R.
  
05 lut 2024
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Kategoria artykułu: Original Study
Data publikacji: 05 lut 2024
Zakres stron: 1 - 15
Otrzymano: 31 sty 2023
Przyjęty: 13 wrz 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2024-0001
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© 2024 L. Koene et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1:

Initial conditions for the re-entry simulation.
Initial conditions for the re-entry simulation.

Fig. 2:

Diagram of the re-entering projectile.
Diagram of the re-entering projectile.

Fig. 3:

Drag coefficient (CD) vs. Mach number for the XM110 projectile for both laminar and turbulent flow. This graph is based on data collected by Braun (1973).
Drag coefficient (CD) vs. Mach number for the XM110 projectile for both laminar and turbulent flow. This graph is based on data collected by Braun (1973).

Fig. 4:

Flight trajectory (a), velocity (b) and path angle (c) to test the influence of the Reynolds number.
Flight trajectory (a), velocity (b) and path angle (c) to test the influence of the Reynolds number.

Fig. 5:

Penetration mechanisms.
Penetration mechanisms.

Fig. 6:

Schematic of normal and oblique impacts. The blue bar represents the projectile and the dashed bar represents the impact cavity.
Schematic of normal and oblique impacts. The blue bar represents the projectile and the dashed bar represents the impact cavity.

Fig. 7:

Normalised penetration depth graphed for concrete (blue) and steel (orange) and for a range of impact velocities v0.
Normalised penetration depth graphed for concrete (blue) and steel (orange) and for a range of impact velocities v0.

Fig. 8:

Flight time as a function of the projectile length for different altitudes.
Flight time as a function of the projectile length for different altitudes.

Fig. 9:

Penetration depth as a function of the projectile length for concrete targets.
Penetration depth as a function of the projectile length for concrete targets.

Fig. 10:

Initial orbital velocity and ΔV as a function of orbital height, necessary to transfer to a 15 km orbit.
Initial orbital velocity and ΔV as a function of orbital height, necessary to transfer to a 15 km orbit.

Fig. 11:

Flight path angle vs. time for a projectile length of 0.56 m for different start altitudes.
Flight path angle vs. time for a projectile length of 0.56 m for different start altitudes.

Fig. 12:

Earthquake magnitude for projectile lengths ranging from 0.1 m to 6.1 m.
Earthquake magnitude for projectile lengths ranging from 0.1 m to 6.1 m.

Fig. 13:

Mass-to-orbit per projectile for varied lengths of projectiles.
Mass-to-orbit per projectile for varied lengths of projectiles.

Fig. 14:

Penetration depth P for concrete and steel for different methods and projectile lengths. (Left: concrete; Right: steel).
Penetration depth P for concrete and steel for different methods and projectile lengths. (Left: concrete; Right: steel).

Flight parameters for different delivery methods (the range of the results is associated with the effect of the projectile length)_

Method Impact velocity [m/s] Impact angle [°]
Re-entry 240–6,600 5–60
Bomber 250–600 63–80
Suborbital flight 1,215–6,325 35–36

Overview of relevant material properties_

Material ρt [kg/m3] fc′[MPa]$$f_c^\prime [{\rm{MPa}}]$$ Rt [GPa]
7 ksi Concrete [HJC] 2,440 48 -
SAC5 Concrete [N et al.] 2,299 37.9 -
WSMR-5 3/4 Concrete [SYG] 2,299 44.8 -
3.7 ksi Concrete [SYG] 1,990 25.5 -
Concrete [VLK] 2,300 51 -
Limestone [VLK] [WHP] 2,300–2,320 58–63 -
Sandstone [B et al.] 2,000–2,040 16–30 -
Steel [T] 7,850 - 3.45–5.18

Overview of material properties with dynamic penetration parameters_

Material ρtkgm3$${\rho _t}\left[ {{{{\rm{kg}}} \over {{{\rm{m}}^3}}}} \right]$$ fc′[MPa]$$f_c^\prime {\rm{[MPa]}}$$ Rt [MPa] Yp [MPa]
Concrete (lower boundary) [SYG] 1,990 25.5 362 -
Concrete (upper boundary) [VLK] 2,300 51 495 -
Steel (lower boundary) [T] 7,850 - 3,450 -
Steel (upper boundary) [T] 7,850 - 5,180 -
Tungsten alloy [T] 17,000 - - 1,930
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Angielski
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