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Supply of immigrant entrepreneurs and native entrepreneurship

Keshar M. Ghimire
Keshar M. Ghimire
   | 29 kwi 2021
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Data publikacji: 29 kwi 2021
Zakres stron: -
Przyjęty: 10 lut 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2021-0004
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© 2021 Keshar M. Ghimire, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Pre and Post Policy Trends in the Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Trends are for the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs immediately prior to and after the implementation of SCHIP. Only 4 years prior to and after the policy implementation are shown in figure. See text for further details. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.
Pre and Post Policy Trends in the Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Trends are for the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs immediately prior to and after the implementation of SCHIP. Only 4 years prior to and after the policy implementation are shown in figure. See text for further details. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.

Figure 2

Pre- and Post-Policy Trends in the Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs with Various Attributes.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Trends are for the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs immediately prior to and after the implementation of SCHIP. Only 4 years prior to and after the policy implementation are shown in figure. See text for further details. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.
Pre- and Post-Policy Trends in the Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs with Various Attributes.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Trends are for the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs immediately prior to and after the implementation of SCHIP. Only 4 years prior to and after the policy implementation are shown in figure. See text for further details. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.

Figure 3

Event Study to Test Policy Endogeneity.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Observations before 5 years of SCHIP are added to “−5” bin and those beyond 5 years post SCHIP are included in the “+5” bin. Then “−5” is dropped as the omitted category. All additional controls included in the baseline regression are retained. Estimates with 95% confidential interval are for the effect of generous SCHIP on the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs. See text for further detail. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.
Event Study to Test Policy Endogeneity.Notes: Data span 1994–2016 from the ASEC of the CPS. Observations before 5 years of SCHIP are added to “−5” bin and those beyond 5 years post SCHIP are included in the “+5” bin. Then “−5” is dropped as the omitted category. All additional controls included in the baseline regression are retained. Estimates with 95% confidential interval are for the effect of generous SCHIP on the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs. See text for further detail. ASEC, Annual Social and Economic Supplement; CPS, Current Population Survey; SCHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program.

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Skill Levels of Natives: First Stage Estimates for High Skilled

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Generous SCHIP 0.04370*** (0.00251) 0.02993*** (0.00130) 0.01377*** (0.00185)
Age 0.00000 (0.00004) −0.00001 (0.00002) 0.00001 (0.00003)
Female 0.00047 (0.00082) −0.00023 (0.00039) 0.00070 (0.00067)
College degree −0.00021 (0.00088) −0.00019 (0.00042) −0.00002 (0.00072)
White −0.00965*** (0.00298) −0.00237* (0.00128) −0.00728*** (0.00247)
Black −0.01125*** (0.00336) −0.00238 (0.00148) −0.00887*** (0.00277)
Hispanic 0.00012 (0.00385) 0.00142 (0.00164) −0.00130 (0.00320)
Number of children −0.00093** (0.00036) −0.00049*** (0.00017) −0.00044 (0.00030)
Lives in a city 0.00487*** (0.00090) 0.00240*** (0.00045) 0.00247*** (0.00074)
State population 0.68288*** (0.00205) 0.18323*** (0.00087) 0.49965*** (0.00176)
Observations 203,275 203,275 203,275

Results from Nonlinear Models

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
Probit
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0064*** (0.0019) 0.0068*** (0.0023) 0.0035* (0.0019)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365
IV probit
Second stage:
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0067 (0.0475) 0.0083 (0.0459) 0.0037 (0.1116)
First stage F-stat 2101.30 2697.76 1374.92
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

Results using Immigrant Entrepreneurship Rate as the Key Explanatory Variable

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
LPM
Immigrant entrepreneurship rate 0.00042** (0.00020) 0.00027 (0.00027) 0.00018 (0.00019)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365
TSLS
Second stage
Immigrant entrepreneurship rate 0.0029 (0.0125) 0.0299 (0.0266) 0.0089 (0.0082)
First stage F-stat 92.93 25.20 174.76
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

SCHIP Implementation and Immigrant Coverage by State

State Date of SCHIP implementation Coverage for new immigrants
Alaska (AK) March 1999 Yes
Alabama (AL) February 1998 No
Arkansas (AR) October 1998 No
Arizona (AZ) October 1997 No
California (CA) July 1998 Yes
Colorado (CO) April 1998 No
Connecticut (CT) October 1997 No
District of Columbia (DC) September 1997 Yes
Delaware (DE) October 1998 Yes
Florida (FL) April 1998 No
Georgia (GA) September 1998 No
Hawaii (HI) January 2000 Yes
Iowa (IA) July 1998 No
Idaho (ID) October 1997 No
Illinois (IL) January 1998 Yes
Indiana (IN) October 1997 No
Kansas (KS) July 1998 No
Kentucky (KY) July 1998 No
Louisiana (LA) November 1998 No
Massachusetts (MA) October 1997 Yes
Maryland (MD) July 1998 No
Maine (ME) July 1998 No
Michigan (MI) May 1998 No
Minnesota (MN) September 1998 Yes
Missouri (MO) October 1997 No
Mississippi (MS) July 1998 No
Montana (MT) January 1998 No
North Carolina (NC) October 1998 No
North Dakota (ND) October 1998 No
Nebraska (NE) May 1998 Yes
New Hampshire (NH) May 1998 No
New Jersey (NJ) February 1998 Yes
New Mexico (NM) May 1998 Yes
Nevada (NV) October 1998 No
New York (NY) April 1998 Yes
Ohio (OH) January 1998 No
Oklahoma (OK) December 1997 No
Oregon (OR) July 1998 No
Pennsylvania (PA) June 1998 Yes
Rhode Island (RI) October 1997 No
South Carolina (SC) October 1997 No
South Dakota (SD) July 1998 No
Tennessee (TN) October 1997 No
Texas (TX) July 1998 No
Utah (UT) August 1998 No
Virginia (VA) October 1998 Yes
Vermont (VT) October 1998 No
Washington (WA) January 2000 Yes
Wisconsin (WI) April 1999 No
West Virginia (WV) July 1998 No
Wyoming (WY) April 1999 No

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Skill Levels of Natives: Second Stage Estimates for High Skilled

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.03144 (0.05516) −0.04661 (0.04708) 0.18127 (0.13897)
Age 0.00412*** (0.00007) 0.00189*** (0.00004) 0.00223*** (0.00005)
Female −0.04593*** (0.00138) −0.04148*** (0.00093) −0.00449*** (0.00109)
College degree −0.00477*** (0.00155) −0.00353*** (0.00108) −0.00125 (0.00119)
White 0.01376*** (0.00394) 0.00908*** (0.00245) 0.00503 (0.00359)
Black −0.03556*** (0.00437) −0.01289*** (0.00273) −0.02224*** (0.00404)
Hispanic −0.02256*** (0.00446) −0.00520* (0.00289) −0.01726*** (0.00361)
Number of children 0.01358*** (0.00068) 0.00855*** (0.00048) 0.00504*** (0.00052)
Lives in a city 0.00794*** (0.00244) −0.00501*** (0.00159) 0.01288*** (0.00202)
State population 0.01691 (0.06453) 0.01176 (0.01675) −0.01816 (0.12021)
Observations 203,275 203,275 203,275

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Races of Natives: Second Stage Estimates for Whites

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Immigrant entrepreneurs −0.04320 (0.10143) 0.02171 (0.07292) 0.51066 (0.56062)
Age 0.00349*** (0.00004) 0.00157*** (0.00003) 0.00192*** (0.00004)
Female −0.05136*** (0.00091) −0.03497*** (0.00057) −0.01634*** (0.00078)
High school −0.00803*** (0.00258) 0.01112*** (0.00126) −0.01905*** (0.00239)
Some college −0.00276 (0.00258) 0.01721*** (0.00128) −0.01973*** (0.00240)
College degree 0.00565** (0.00263) 0.03003*** (0.00135) −0.02478*** (0.00246)
Advanced degree 0.01165*** (0.00284) 0.03379*** (0.00155) −0.02236*** (0.00257)
Number of children 0.01590*** (0.00044) 0.00799*** (0.00028) 0.00797*** (0.00038)
Lives in a city 0.02021*** (0.00136) −0.00470*** (0.00076) 0.02409*** (0.00163)
State population −0.02639 (0.06614) 0.00969 (0.01300) −0.24279 (0.26639)
Observations 461,397 461,397 461,397

Effect of SCHIP on Entry of Immigrants into Entrepreneurship

Entry into entrepreneurship (measured as a proportion) Entry into entrepreneurship (measured as count)
Sample mean/proportion 0.007 1,324.39
SCHIP 0.0090*** (0.0001) 0.0156*** (0.0012)
Observations 609,365 609,365

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Skill Levels of Natives: First Stage Estimates for Low Skilled

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Generous SCHIP 0.04620*** (0.00167) 0.03038*** (0.00087) 0.01582*** (0.00124)
Age −0.00003 (0.00003) 0.00001 (0.00001) −0.00003 (0.00002)
Female −0.00007 (0.00056) 0.00021 (0.00027) −0.00028 (0.00046)
High school −0.00047 (0.00110) 0.00064 (0.00054) −0.00111 (0.00091)
Some college −0.00085 (0.00111) 0.00082 (0.00054) −0.00167* (0.00092)
White −0.00437*** (0.00165) −0.00060 (0.00072) −0.00376*** (0.00134)
Black −0.00721*** (0.00187) −0.00213** (0.00084) −0.00508*** (0.00152)
Hispanic −0.00117 (0.00203) 0.00056 (0.00088) −0.00173 (0.00165)
Number of children −0.00000 (0.00025) 0.00012 (0.00012) −0.00012 (0.00021)
Lives in a city 0.00375*** (0.00054) 0.00168*** (0.00028) 0.00207*** (0.00045)
State population 0.65169*** (0.00139) 0.17641*** (0.00060) 0.47528*** (0.00117)
Observations 406,090 406,090 406,090

Impact of Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs on Entrepreneurial Propensities of Natives: LPM

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0035** (0.0014) 0.0064*** (0.0017) 0.0025* (0.0014)
Age 0.00310*** (0.00003) 0.00139*** (0.00002) 0.00171*** (0.00002)
Female −0.04504*** (0.00055) −0.02901*** (0.00034) −0.01603*** (0.00045)
High school −0.00688*** (0.00135) 0.00903*** (0.00064) −0.01591*** (0.00122)
Some college −0.00141 (0.00135) 0.01478*** (0.00065) −0.01619*** (0.00122)
College degree 0.00642*** (0.00141) 0.02653*** (0.00072) −0.02011*** (0.00125)
Advanced degree 0.01341*** (0.00156) 0.03144*** (0.00087) −0.01804*** (0.00135)
White 0.02559*** (0.00148) 0.01142*** (0.00085) 0.01416*** (0.00126)
Black −0.02389*** (0.00159) −0.01070*** (0.00091) −0.01320*** (0.00135)
Hispanic −0.01709*** (0.00161) −0.00484*** (0.00091) −0.01226*** (0.00137)
Number of children 0.01181*** (0.00026) 0.00626*** (0.00016) 0.00555*** (0.00021)
Lives in a city 0.01484*** (0.00085) −0.00430*** (0.00048) 0.01914*** (0.00072)
State population 0.00027 (0.00087) 0.00080** (0.00037) −0.00043 (0.00071)
Observations 1,111,863 1,111,863 1,111,863

First-stage regressions: impact of generous SCHIP on supply of immigrant entrepreneurs

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Average supply of immigrant entrepreneurs: 144,200 41,800 102,400
Generous SCHIP 0.1160*** (0.0025) 0.0493*** (0.0009) 0.0668*** (0.0018)
First stage F-stat 2,101.30 2,697.76 1,374.92
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Races of Natives: First Stage Estimates for Blacks

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Generous SCHIP 0.09265*** (0.00440) 0.02986*** (0.00238) 0.06280*** (0.00327)
Age 0.00001 (0.00007) 0.00004 (0.00003) −0.00004 (0.00006)
Female 0.00017 (0.00142) 0.00013 (0.00071) 0.00005 (0.00116)
High school −0.00049 (0.00242) 0.00229* (0.00133) −0.00278 (0.00201)
Some college −0.00507** (0.00252) 0.00230* (0.00137) −0.00737*** (0.00210)
College degree 0.00107 (0.00287) 0.00467*** (0.00152) −0.00360 (0.00238)
Advanced degree 0.00084 (0.00344) 0.00235 (0.00180) −0.00151 (0.00283)
Number of children 0.00112* (0.00062) 0.00009 (0.00031) 0.00103** (0.00051)
Lives in a city 0.00309 (0.00213) 0.00175 (0.00121) 0.00134 (0.00174)
State population 0.61485*** (0.00343) 0.16403*** (0.00149) 0.45081*** (0.00284)
Observations 64,163 64,163 64,163

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Races of Natives: Second Stage Estimates for Blacks

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.09242* (0.05191) 0.02171 (0.08435) 0.12605* (0.06622)
Age 0.00142*** (0.00008) 0.00038*** (0.00004) 0.00105*** (0.00007)
Female −0.02960*** (0.00177) −0.01345*** (0.00098) −0.01614*** (0.00150)
High school −0.00514 (0.00342) 0.00246* (0.00132) −0.00735** (0.00320)
Some college −0.00147 (0.00351) 0.00613*** (0.00139) −0.00719** (0.00327)
College 0.00754* (0.00391) 0.01698*** (0.00191) −0.00899*** (0.00348)
Advanced degree 0.01911*** (0.00493) 0.02570*** (0.00285) −0.00637 (0.00413)
Number of children 0.00388*** (0.00074) 0.00233*** (0.00042) 0.00152** (0.00063)
Lives in a city −0.00109 (0.00353) −0.00188 (0.00159) 0.00087 (0.00318)
State population −0.05595* (0.03182) −0.00293 (0.01364) −0.05658* (0.02985)
Observations 64,163 64,163 64,163

Impact of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives: LPM

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0035** (0.0014) 0.0064*** (0.0017) 0.0025* (0.0014)
Observations 1,111,863 1,111,863 1,111,863

Sensitivity to modeling and sampling choices: TSLS estimates

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
State specific linear trends
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0080 (0.0161) 0.0875 (0.0993) −0.0005 (0.0150)
Observations 609,352 609,352 609,352
Weighted least squares
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0130 (0.0667) −0.0320 (0.0407) 1.2307 (1.9806)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365
Clustered standard errors
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0109 (0.0611) –0.0491 (0.1231) 0.1268 (0.3590)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365
Logged explanatory variable
Immigrant entrepreneurs −0.0057 (0.1044) 0.0128 (0.0098) −0.0588 (0.0634)
Observations 605,156 605,156 605,156
Extended sample
Immigrant entrepreneurs −0.0014 (0.0984) −0.0537 (0.0479) −0.2859 (0.3718)
Observations 806,462 806,462 806,462

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Skill Levels of Natives: Second Stage Estimates for Low Skilled

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.03144 (0.05516) −0.04661 (0.04708) 0.18127 (0.13897)
Age 0.00264*** (0.00004) 0.00102*** (0.00002) 0.00162*** (0.00004)
Female −0.04654*** (0.00090) −0.02342*** (0.00052) −0.02307*** (0.00077)
High school −0.00584*** (0.00178) 0.00813*** (0.00083) −0.01376*** (0.00163)
Some college −0.00080 (0.00179) 0.01370*** (0.00086) −0.01419*** (0.00164)
White 0.03208*** (0.00253) 0.01239*** (0.00129) 0.02021*** (0.00230)
Black −0.02104*** (0.00272) −0.01112*** (0.00137) −0.00932*** (0.00250)
Hispanic −0.01388*** (0.00270) −0.00498*** (0.00136) −0.00859*** (0.00242)
Number of children 0.01184*** (0.00042) 0.00497*** (0.00024) 0.00690*** (0.00036)
Lives in a city 0.02034*** (0.00132) −0.00425*** (0.00070) 0.02441*** (0.00119)
State population −0.01453 (0.03602) 0.00996 (0.00842) −0.08193 (0.06607)
Observations 406,090 406,090 406,090

First-stage Regressions: Association between Generous SCHIP and Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Average supply of immigrant entrepreneurs: 144,200 41,800 102,400
Generous SCHIP 0.1160*** (0.0025) 0.0493*** (0.0009) 0.0668*** (0.0018)
Age −0.00002 (0.00002) 0.00000 (0.00001) −0.00002 (0.00002)
Female 0.00024 (0.00046) 0.00011 (0.00022) 0.00013 (0.00038)
High school −0.00079 (0.00110) 0.00056 (0.00053) −0.00136 (0.00091)
Some college −0.00158 (0.00111) 0.00069 (0.00054) −0.00227** (0.00092)
College degree 0.00114 (0.00115) 0.00131** (0.00056) −0.00017 (0.00095)
Advanced degree 0.00139 (0.00125) 0.00140** (0.00061) −0.00001 (0.00104)
White −0.00704*** (0.00149) −0.00147** (0.00064) −0.00557*** (0.00122)
Black −0.00916*** (0.00166) −0.00249*** (0.00074) −0.00667*** (0.00136)
Hispanic −0.00353* (0.00182) 0.00009 (0.00079) −0.00362** (0.00150)
Number of children −0.00030 (0.00021) −0.00007 (0.00010) −0.00023 (0.00017)
Lives in a city 0.00456*** (0.00046) 0.00206*** (0.00024) 0.00250*** (0.00038)
State population 0.66179*** (0.00115) 0.17862*** (0.00049) 0.48317*** (0.00097)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

Summary statistics: incorporated vs. unincorporated

Sample Natives Immigrants
Incorp. Unincorp. Incorp. Unincorp.
Age 46.33 44.91 45.39 43.73
Female 0.278 0.402 0.285 0.358
Less than high school 0.0265 0.0633 0.0787 0.243
High school 0.229 0.301 0.247 0.303
Some college 0.274 0.301 0.179 0.175
College degree 0.290 0.210 0.285 0.182
Advanced degree 0.181 0.125 0.210 0.0978
White 0.902 0.854 0.374 0.253
Black 0.0402 0.0614 0.0560 0.0591
Hispanic 0.0358 0.0567 0.238 0.450
Number of family members under 18 0.851 0.803 1.021 1.028
Lives in a metropolitan city 0.853 0.772 0.962 0.943
Observations 39,007 67,829 7,846 16,518

Impact of Supply of Immigrant Entrepreneurs on Entrepreneurial Propensities of Natives: Second Stage Estimates

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0109 (0.0470) −0.0491 (0.0426) 0.1268 (0.1161)
Age 0.00311*** (0.00004) 0.00134*** (0.00002) 0.00178*** (0.00003)
Female −0.04720*** (0.00075) −0.03003*** (0.00046) −0.01718*** (0.00062)
High school −0.00528*** (0.00177) 0.00888*** (0.00083) −0.01397*** (0.00163)
Some college −0.00005 (0.00178) 0.01482*** (0.00085) −0.01457*** (0.00164)
College degree 0.00885*** (0.00186) 0.02726*** (0.00096) −0.01832*** (0.00166)
Advanced degree 0.01802*** (0.00211) 0.03320*** (0.00118) −0.01510*** (0.00183)
White 0.02627*** (0.00213) 0.01184*** (0.00118) 0.01499*** (0.00193)
Black −0.02582*** (0.00230) −0.01105*** (0.00126) −0.01415*** (0.00210)
Hispanic −0.01754*** (0.00229) −0.00482*** (0.00126) −0.01230*** (0.00203)
Number of children 0.01279*** (0.00035) 0.00661*** (0.00022) 0.00620*** (0.00029)
Lives in a city 0.01795*** (0.00117) −0.00446*** (0.00065) 0.02224*** (0.00103)
State population −0.00482 (0.03122) 0.01032 (0.00772) −0.06039 (0.05612)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

Impact of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives: TSLS Model

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives 0.0950 0.0345 0.0606
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0109 (0.0470) −0.0491 (0.0426) 0.1268 (0.1161)
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Races of Natives: First Stage Estimates for Whites

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Generous SCHIP 0.02622*** (0.00156) 0.02212*** (0.00082) 0.00410*** (0.00117)
Age −0.00001 (0.00002) −0.00000 (0.00001) −0.00000 (0.00002)
Female −0.00009 (0.00049) 0.00002 (0.00024) −0.00010 (0.00040)
High school 0.00018 (0.00123) 0.00033 (0.00063) −0.00015 (0.00102)
Some college −0.00002 (0.00124) 0.00042 (0.00063) −0.00044 (0.00104)
College degree 0.00166 (0.00127) 0.00066 (0.00065) 0.00100 (0.00106)
Advanced degree 0.00149 (0.00138) 0.00086 (0.00070) 0.00063 (0.00115)
Number of children −0.00028 (0.00022) −0.00014 (0.00011) −0.00015 (0.00018)
Lives in a city 0.00393*** (0.00049) 0.00184*** (0.00025) 0.00209***s (0.00040)
State population 0.65092*** (0.00144) 0.17584*** (0.00062) 0.47509*** (0.00122)
Observations 461,397 461,397 461,397

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs across Natives by Parents’ Origin: TSLS Estimates

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
At least one foreign born parent
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0935 0.0357 0.0578
Immigrant entrepreneurs −0.1659 (0.1109) −0.1791 (0.1286) −0.1510 (0.1945)
First stage F stat 139.94 144.049 369.79
Observations 64,475 64,475 64,475
No foreign born parents
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0997 0.0350 0.0647
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0369 (0.0514) −0.0349 (0.0454) 0.1834 (0.1321)
First stage F stat 984.07 1622.47 194.04
Observations 544,890 544,890 544,890

Summary statistics

Sample All Natives Immigrants
Outcome variables
Self-employed 0.0961 0.0950 0.101
Incorporated self-employed 0.0342 0.0345 0.0330
Unincorporated self-employed 0.0619 0.0606 0.0684
Control variables
Age 41.28 41.41 40.66
Female 0.471 0.481 0.422
Less than high school 0.0815 0.0494 0.239
High school 0.295 0.300 0.271
Some college 0.285 0.306 0.179
College degree 0.224 0.231 0.192
Advanced degree 0.114 0.113 0.119
White 0.677 0.776 0.197
Black 0.108 0.113 0.0838
Other race 0.214 0.111 0.719
Hispanic 0.147 0.0817 0.468
Number of family members under 18 0.807 0.765 1.011
Lives in a metropolitan 0.852 0.832 0.947
State population (millions) 7.661 7.124 1.029
Observations 1,361,196 1,111,850 249,346

Heterogeneity in the impact of immigrant entrepreneurs across races of natives: TSLS estimates

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Blacks
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.0469 0.0126 0.0343
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0924* (0.0519) 0.0217 (0.0843) 0.1260* (0.0662)
First stage F stat 442.68 157.00 369.79
Observations 64,163 64,163 64,163
Whites
Entrepreneurial propensity of natives: 0.1121 0.0414 0.0706
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.0434 (0.1014) −0.0432 (0.0729) 0.5106 (0.5606)
First stage F stat 280.89 731.16 12.25
Observations 461,397 461,397 461,397

Results with Separate Controls for Immigrant and Native Population

Outcome Any self-employment Incorporated self-employment Unincorporated self-employment
Immigrant entrepreneurs 0.01247 (0.0258) 0.5644 (0.3684) −0.0130 (0.0225)
First stage F-stat 7,012.38 72.25 8,873.64
Observations 609,365 609,365 609,365
eISSN:
2520-1786
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
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