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New Evidence on International Transferability of Human Capital

Eric M. Gibbons
Eric M. Gibbons
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Sankar Mukhopadhyay
Sankar Mukhopadhyay
   | 02 cze 2020
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Data publikacji: 02 cze 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0009
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© 2020 Eric M. Gibbons and Sankar Mukhopadhyay published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Average experience by sample and digit. Note: (a) General and occupation-specific experience. (b) Task-specific experience.
Average experience by sample and digit. Note: (a) General and occupation-specific experience. (b) Task-specific experience.

Figure 2

Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience.Notes: (a) One-digit occupational level. (b) Two-digit occupational level. (c) Three-digit occupational level.
Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience.Notes: (a) One-digit occupational level. (b) Two-digit occupational level. (c) Three-digit occupational level.

Figure 3

Joint returns to experience – two-digit level. Returns to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the samples of “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switchers”. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% and 10% levels for the “All immigrants” and “Stayer” samples, respectively. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are not significant at any of the conventional levels for the Switcher sample. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1%, 5%, and 1% levels for the “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switcher” samples, respectively.
Joint returns to experience – two-digit level. Returns to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the samples of “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switchers”. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% and 10% levels for the “All immigrants” and “Stayer” samples, respectively. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are not significant at any of the conventional levels for the Switcher sample. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1%, 5%, and 1% levels for the “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switcher” samples, respectively.

Figure 4

Returns to source country experience for the average immigrant – two-digit level. Returns for “All workers” are significant at the 1% level, returns for “Stayers” are significant at the 10% level, and returns for the Switchers sample are not significant at any of the conventional levels.
Returns to source country experience for the average immigrant – two-digit level. Returns for “All workers” are significant at the 1% level, returns for “Stayers” are significant at the 10% level, and returns for the Switchers sample are not significant at any of the conventional levels.

Figure 5

Returns to experience: source country wage sample – two-digit level.Note: (a) All immigrant workers. (b) All immigrant workers with source country wage control. (c) Returns for the average immigrant.Note: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote significance levels under each bar in panels (a) and (b). In panel (c), estimates are significant at the 0.01 level.
Returns to experience: source country wage sample – two-digit level.Note: (a) All immigrant workers. (b) All immigrant workers with source country wage control. (c) Returns for the average immigrant.Note: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote significance levels under each bar in panels (a) and (b). In panel (c), estimates are significant at the 0.01 level.

Figure 6

Joint returns to experience, excluding employment principals – two-digit level. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE is significant at the 5% level for the “Stayers” sample. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% level for “All immigrants”. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 0 years of TE is not significant at any of the conventional levels for the “Stayers” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1% level for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE are not significant at any of the conventional significance levels for the “Stayers” sample.
Joint returns to experience, excluding employment principals – two-digit level. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE is significant at the 5% level for the “Stayers” sample. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% level for “All immigrants”. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 0 years of TE is not significant at any of the conventional levels for the “Stayers” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1% level for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE are not significant at any of the conventional significance levels for the “Stayers” sample.

Figure 7

Heterogeneity in returns to experience – two-digit level.Notes: (a) Low-skilled; (b) high-skilled; (c) low income; and (d) high income.Notes: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote the significance level. Returns shown are for all workers in each subsample.
Heterogeneity in returns to experience – two-digit level.Notes: (a) Low-skilled; (b) high-skilled; (c) low income; and (d) high income.Notes: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote the significance level. Returns shown are for all workers in each subsample.

Figure 8

Average returns to experience – worker heterogeneity (two-digit level).Notes: All returns are significant at the 1% level.
Average returns to experience – worker heterogeneity (two-digit level).Notes: All returns are significant at the 1% level.

Figure S1

Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience, employment principals excluded.
Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience, employment principals excluded.

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic) - with source country wage

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE-0.0195-0.0124-0.01950.15480.06920.4922*0.06100.01050.0030
(0.0466)(0.0472)(0.0475)(0.1875)(0.2111)(0.2893)(0.0570)(0.0512)(0.0490)
5 Years of GE-0.0150-0.0079-0.01470.20550.10090.6256*0.09300.02150.0145
(0.0624)(0.0635)(0.0637)(0.2465)(0.2692)(0.3569)(0.0768)(0.0692)(0.0661)
10 Years of GE0.02230.02180.02010.21500.16350.6601*0.1506*0.04880.0483
(0.0725)(0.0740)(0.0739)(0.2667)(0.2736)(0.3366)(0.0908)(0.0817)(0.0779)
3 Years of OE0.1700***0.1568***0.1821***-0.03410.0601-0.42230.4687***0.03030.0282
(0.0317)(0.0388)(0.0424)(0.1853)(0.2104)(0.2668)(0.1773)(0.0827)(0.1008)
5 Years of OE0.2234***0.2191***0.2476***-0.03150.1028-0.48351.0855*-0.06740.0866
(0.0399)(0.0449)(0.0487)(0.2398)(0.2628)(0.3216)(0.5809)(0.1763)(0.2094)
10 Years of OE0.2417***0.2639***0.2861***0.01770.1623-0.32624.5032-0.0570-0.0487
(0.0520)(0.0518)(0.0556)(0.2482)(0.2499)(0.2772)(4.0280)(0.3098)(0.3089)
3 years of NRCA0.1722***0.2147***0.1882***0.1136**0.0826-0.01020.5413**0.5159***0.4403***
(0.0402)(0.0418)(0.0386)(0.0551)(0.0591)(0.0554)(0.2176)(0.1154)(0.1195)
5 years of NRCA0.2670***0.3316***0.2905***0.1859*0.0860-0.08580.3632**0.7872***0.6519***
(0.0612)(0.0627)(0.0566)(0.1126)(0.1038)(0.0958)(0.1756)(0.1675)(0.1678)
10 years of NRCA0.3993***0.4748***0.4102***0.3450-0.1110-0.5139**-3.79691.0420***0.7375***
(0.0902)(0.0862)(0.0734)(0.3805)(0.2727)(0.2445)(3.0452)(0.2512)(0.1912)
3 years of NRCI0.0703*-0.0159-0.06460.0570-0.1298-0.1282-0.05360.0248-0.0847
(0.0413)(0.0424)(0.0435)(0.0481)(0.0892)(0.1335)(0.1866)(0.0483)(0.0526)
5 years of NRCI0.1142*-0.0231-0.09840.0939-0.1964-0.2305-0.8242**0.0373-0.1310
(0.0629)(0.0662)(0.0688)(0.0776)(0.1427)(0.2044)(0.3591)(0.0754)(0.0835)
10 years of NRCI0.2047**-0.0119-0.12510.1756-0.2299-0.508015.9488***0.0514-0.1809
(0.0865)(0.0994)(0.1081)(0.1595)(0.2893)(0.3149)(5.0011)(0.1122)(0.1354)
3 years of RCOG-0.0689**0.0629-0.0102-0.05810.0015-0.0134-0.2584**0.1217*0.0005
(0.0318)(0.0408)(0.0300)(0.0425)(0.0633)(0.1919)(0.1222)(0.0705)(0.0329)
5 years of RCOG-0.1164**0.1019-0.0154-0.08800.01230.0314-0.7541**0.2015*0.0014
(0.0501)(0.0631)(0.0480)(0.0737)(0.1063)(0.2811)(0.3393)(0.1069)(0.0526)
10 years of RCOG-0.2326***0.1798*-0.0191-0.11950.07980.3691-3.85010.3832***0.0071
(0.0792)(0.0937)(0.0800)(0.1832)(0.2485)(0.3505)(2.9752)(0.1406)(0.0876)
3 years of RMAN-0.0437-0.0712-0.0618-0.0184-0.1597*-0.1242-0.2327-0.0430-0.0344
(0.0776)(0.0475)(0.0870)(0.1052)(0.0887)(0.1785)(0.1509)(0.0633)(0.1042)
5 years of RMAN-0.0673-0.1047-0.09360.0003-0.2173-0.1384-0.6033*-0.0568-0.0476
(0.1193)(0.0743)(0.1347)(0.1669)(0.1449)(0.2681)(0.3569)(0.0973)(0.1590)
10 years of RMAN-0.0935-0.1166-0.11520.1843-0.12490.1254-3.3147-0.0182-0.0265
(0.1640)(0.1122)(0.1916)(0.2899)(0.2959)(0.3855)(2.9932)(0.1346)(0.2162)
3 years of NRMN-0.0572-0.0058-0.0639*-0.07860.1113-0.0907-0.3180***0.0026-0.0662*
(0.0372)(0.0291)(0.0369)(0.0673)(0.1020)(0.1091)(0.1201)(0.0366)(0.0355)
5 years of NRMN-0.0865-0.0134-0.1033*-0.15960.1618-0.1241-0.7497**0.0007-0.1041*
(0.0597)(0.0463)(0.0556)(0.1370)(0.1617)(0.1697)(0.3457)(0.0587)(0.0544)
10 years of NRMN-0.1181-0.0519-0.1805**-0.44550.1418-0.0717-3.5858-0.0231-0.1593**
(0.1025)(0.0766)(0.0726)(0.4207)(0.3003)(0.2907)(3.0164)(0.0983)(0.0784)
N1,6931,6931,6937455284369481,1651,257

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): high income source countries

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.01800.02660.03070.0277-0.07230.26150.06580.01450.0204
(0.0411)(0.0417)(0.0414)(0.1459)(0.1544)(0.1816)(0.0462)(0.0444)(0.0434)
5 Years of GE0.03100.04310.04890.0393-0.08630.34810.09930.02840.0368
(0.0558)(0.0572)(0.0566)(0.1943)(0.2050)(0.2401)(0.0634)(0.0610)(0.0595)
10 Years of GE0.05930.07320.07840.0345-0.06170.38280.1545**0.06270.0704
(0.0669)(0.0702)(0.0689)(0.2188)(0.2326)(0.2718)(0.0780)(0.0753)(0.0726)
3 Years of OE0.1531***0.1718***0.2031***0.02870.3280**-0.10740.6426***0.05450.0597
(0.0305)(0.0380)(0.0444)(0.1528)(0.1474)(0.1829)(0.2021)(0.0819)(0.1031)
5 Years of OE0.2035***0.2281***0.2722***0.04240.4316**-0.10121.6618**-0.00880.0935
(0.0391)(0.0469)(0.0536)(0.1986)(0.1884)(0.2280)(0.6835)(0.1130)(0.1837)
10 Years of OE0.2266***0.2423***0.2989***0.07150.4554**0.01509.1869**0.07980.1186
(0.0494)(0.0512)(0.0601)(0.2082)(0.1905)(0.2178)(4.5871)(0.1503)(0.2858)
3 Years of NRCA0.1756***0.1786***0.1396***0.1183**0.0969*0.06790.5889***0.4800***0.3998***
(0.0386)(0.0418)(0.0320)(0.0510)(0.0561)(0.0565)(0.2100)(0.1504)(0.1181)
5 Years of NRCA0.2747***0.2827***0.2214***0.1815**0.13950.10160.15110.7524***0.5892***
(0.0603)(0.0650)(0.0489)(0.0855)(0.0900)(0.0941)(0.2535)(0.1960)(0.1632)
10 Years of NRCA0.4220***0.4513***0.3505***0.26260.14890.1317-6.7602*0.9597**0.6208***
(0.0937)(0.0972)(0.0718)(0.1768)(0.1697)(0.2001)(3.4645)(0.4552)(0.1697)
3 Years of NRCI0.0880**-0.0595-0.0809*0.1123**-0.2228***-0.2877**0.01740.0830*-0.0588
(0.0412)(0.0431)(0.0426)(0.0478)(0.0753)(0.1180)(0.2173)(0.0492)(0.0627)
5 Years of NRCI0.1356**-0.0955-0.1306*0.1597**-0.3620***-0.4878**-0.7791*0.1176-0.0953
(0.0635)(0.0655)(0.0677)(0.0757)(0.1218)(0.2057)(0.4380)(0.0755)(0.1000)
10 Years of NRCI0.1865**-0.1547*-0.2281**0.1387-0.6065***-0.9448**-7.7002**0.0908-0.1704
(0.0893)(0.0883)(0.1100)(0.1291)(0.2201)(0.4450)(3.6392)(0.1038)(0.1644)
3 Years of RCOG-0.0691**0.0718**-0.0321-0.0939***0.0547-0.0772-0.3377***0.1110*-0.0010
(0.0307)(0.0349)(0.0345)(0.0344)(0.0573)(0.0958)(0.1301)(0.0634)(0.0427)
5 Years of RCOG-0.1161**0.1115**-0.0519-0.1490**0.0995-0.1288-1.0500***0.1792*-0.0016
(0.0485)(0.0550)(0.0549)(0.0606)(0.0933)(0.1539)(0.3978)(0.0965)(0.0679)
10 Years of RCOG-0.2268***0.1614*-0.0877-0.24040.2271-0.2512-6.7981**0.3069**-0.0022
(0.0767)(0.0860)(0.0890)(0.1619)(0.1864)(0.2990)(3.3230)(0.1304)(0.1092)
3 Years of RMAN-0.0969**-0.1025**-0.1291**-0.0441-0.12790.4435-0.4116***-0.0773-0.1443**
(0.0437)(0.0451)(0.0580)(0.0612)(0.0928)(0.5220)(0.1274)(0.0578)(0.0592)
5 Years of RMAN-0.1507**-0.1560**-0.1954**-0.0480-0.17150.7323-1.1908***-0.1221-0.2212**
(0.0693)(0.0706)(0.0902)(0.1013)(0.1480)(0.8107)(0.4040)(0.0881)(0.0896)
10 Years of RMAN-0.2158*-0.2072*-0.2399*0.0641-0.07871.3198-7.1982**-0.2003-0.2970**
(0.1114)(0.1072)(0.1362)(0.2030)(0.2539)(1.1685)(3.4165)(0.1232)(0.1327)
3 Years of NRMN-0.0475-0.0337-0.0595**-0.0090-0.01680.0084-0.3276***-0.0213-0.0580*
(0.0369)(0.0276)(0.0302)(0.0543)(0.0795)(0.1077)(0.1232)(0.0328)(0.0339)
5 Years of NRMN-0.0702-0.0563-0.0964**-0.0083-0.03960.0112-1.0685***-0.0358-0.0920*
(0.0597)(0.0442)(0.0475)(0.0956)(0.1252)(0.1712)(0.4053)(0.0527)(0.0527)
10 Years of NRMN-0.0867-0.1128-0.1717**0.0252-0.1458-0.0054-7.0638**-0.0728-0.1499*
(0.1044)(0.0738)(0.0741)(0.2303)(0.2056)(0.3009)(3.4280)(0.0890)(0.0805)
N1,8751,8751,8757795324261,0961,3431,449

OLS: returns to source country general experience (quartic)

ParametersAllStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
GE0.0441*** (0.0165)0.0671** (0.0308)0.0968** (0.0394)0.1091** (0.0461)0.0220 (0.0183)0.0182 (0.0177)0.0191 (0.0170)
Square−3.1734** (1.5939)−5.3253* (3.0278)−7.8664** (3.9854)−8.4873* (4.6013)−1.1747 (1.7558)−0.8613 (1.7095)−1.0127 (1.6480)
Cubic0.0798 (0.0572)0.1577 (0.1100)0.2429 (0.1493)0.2601 (0.1714)0.0149 (0.0627)0.0053 (0.0608)0.0117 (0.0590)
Quartic−0.0007 (0.0007)−0.0016 (0.0013)−0.0026 (0.0018)−0.0029 (0.0021)0.0000 (0.0007)0.0001 (0.0007)0.0001 (0.0007)
Female−0.1146*** (0.0234)−0.1306*** (0.0421)−0.1394*** (0.0505)−0.1811*** (0.0589)−0.0833*** (0.0270)−0.1000*** (0.0255)−0.0954*** (0.0246)
Education0.0343*** (0.0035)0.0425*** (0.0066)0.0395*** (0.0089)0.0421*** (0.0111)0.0282*** (0.0040)0.0313*** (0.0037)0.0312*** (0.0036)
English: very good0.1901*** (0.0370)0.2190*** (0.0653)0.3175*** (0.0858)0.3378*** (0.1110)0.1424*** (0.0424)0.1196*** (0.0399)0.1397*** (0.0382)
English: good0.0464 (0.0382)0.1140* (0.0631)0.2325*** (0.0854)0.3001*** (0.1075)0.0098 (0.0478)0.0101 (0.0432)0.0127 (0.0409)
English: average0.0030 (0.0431)0.1244 (0.1023)0.1690 (0.1462)0.1922 (0.1663)0.0323 (0.0450)0.0036 (0.0445)0.0074 (0.0434)
English: poor−0.0051 (0.0468)−0.0613 (0.0953)0.0757 (0.1242)−0.0095 (0.1597)0.0339 (0.0494)−0.0210 (0.0480)−0.0014 (0.0450)
Constant1.8596*** (0.1590)1.5168*** (0.2438)1.5945*** (0.2741)1.4258*** (0.2974)2.2338*** (0.2412)1.9325*** (0.2461)1.9323*** (0.2362)
Other controls
Work gapXXXXXXX
Visa typeXXXXXXX
RegionXXXXXXX
Entry yearXXXXXXX
Source FEXXXXXXX
N2,4591,0066945511,4531,7651,908
R20.410.470.480.480.300.320.32

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): low income source countries

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.1760*0.1846*0.15000.4061*0.36330.13980.08310.11850.0798
(0.0923)(0.1041)(0.0948)(0.2311)(0.4090)(0.6474)(0.1229)(0.1230)(0.1103)
5 Years of GE0.2305*0.2469*0.20160.5301*0.50820.26930.11010.15470.1022
(0.1254)(0.1400)(0.1287)(0.3123)(0.5486)(0.8239)(0.1676)(0.1646)(0.1489)
10 Years of GE0.24720.2745*0.22450.55530.67850.62490.12260.15590.0898
(0.1515)(0.1626)(0.1540)(0.3731)(0.6325)(0.8101)(0.2040)(0.1881)(0.1751)
3 Years of OE0.0987*0.1500**0.09370.07560.51100.57100.6353*0.1689-0.0209
(0.0526)(0.0655)(0.0654)(0.2357)(0.3857)(0.4987)(0.3402)(0.1401)(0.2099)
5 Years of OE0.1441**0.2115***0.1642**0.11030.60860.69251.1647**0.1131-0.0394
(0.0673)(0.0754)(0.0764)(0.3068)(0.4993)(0.6220)(0.5758)(0.2205)(0.2622)
10 Years of OE0.1960**0.2680***0.3069***0.15670.44590.5522-7.58340.1198-0.0221
(0.0812)(0.0816)(0.0874)(0.3279)(0.5255)(0.6007)(6.6156)(0.2012)(0.2296)
3 Years of NRCA0.1723***0.1410**0.1517***0.2172**0.06080.0792-0.02690.34680.1511
(0.0523)(0.0672)(0.0533)(0.0888)(0.1396)(0.1496)(0.3994)(0.2272)(0.1445)
5 Years of NRCA0.2676***0.2311**0.2454***0.3888**0.13670.12430.19690.46810.2497
(0.0836)(0.1043)(0.0851)(0.1783)(0.2369)(0.2941)(1.0138)(0.3039)(0.2300)
10 Years of NRCA0.4144***0.4183***0.4202***0.88560.44860.18790.79020.21940.4688
(0.1432)(0.1583)(0.1434)(0.5842)(0.5449)(0.8443)(3.9783)(0.3063)(0.3723)
3 Years of NRCI0.1345**0.0440-0.02470.14390.0879-0.1406-0.3496-0.0334-0.1156
(0.0582)(0.0606)(0.0850)(0.0889)(0.1111)(0.1372)(0.3881)(0.0898)(0.1134)
5 Years of NRCI0.2115**0.0794-0.02820.23440.1776-0.2412-2.4397-0.0488-0.1663
(0.0926)(0.0951)(0.1330)(0.1420)(0.1814)(0.2131)(2.4121)(0.1405)(0.1778)
10 Years of NRCI0.3247**0.19740.03360.39790.5180-0.4738-71.7340-0.0476-0.1348
(0.1511)(0.1490)(0.2000)(0.2515)(0.4038)(0.3974)(121.2068)(0.2160)(0.2685)
3 Years of RCOG0.02760.03650.1361*0.06570.04430.5681*-0.3210-0.09940.0686
(0.0499)(0.0562)(0.0766)(0.0715)(0.1214)(0.3288)(0.2633)(0.1271)(0.0818)
5 Years of RCOG0.04120.05190.2159*0.09760.05020.8328*-0.9807*-0.14570.1130
(0.0789)(0.0889)(0.1178)(0.1130)(0.1990)(0.4768)(0.5243)(0.1921)(0.1253)
10 Years of RCOG0.05540.04870.3447**0.1191-0.04230.85093.5206-0.13660.2125
(0.1251)(0.1412)(0.1620)(0.1890)(0.3736)(0.5677)(3.6925)(0.2496)(0.1678)
3 Years of RMAN-0.0849-0.2065***-0.1132-0.2363-0.6024*-1.2319***-0.2865-0.2539-0.0172
(0.0705)(0.0704)(0.0823)(0.2273)(0.3363)(0.4279)(0.2435)(0.1583)(0.1004)
5 Years of RMAN-0.1167-0.3115***-0.1732-0.3285-0.7913-1.8159***-1.0651**-0.3592*-0.0099
(0.1077)(0.1061)(0.1242)(0.3321)(0.4966)(0.6387)(0.5105)(0.2123)(0.1522)
10 Years of RMAN-0.0699-0.3810***-0.2265-0.2156-0.2468-1.9637**3.3255-0.2931*0.1144
(0.1500)(0.1407)(0.1630)(0.4088)(0.6613)(0.9023)(3.6683)(0.1712)(0.2037)
3 Years of NRMN-0.2291**0.0164-0.0255-0.5392***-0.0428-0.1844-0.41490.03150.0074
(0.1133)(0.0358)(0.0378)(0.1923)(0.1098)(0.1508)(0.2724)(0.0473)(0.0452)
5 Years of NRMN-0.3224**0.0298-0.0381-0.8002***-0.1575-0.2577-0.67930.05420.0130
(0.1537)(0.0577)(0.0607)(0.2754)(0.1932)(0.2623)(0.4553)(0.0742)(0.0715)
10 Years of NRMN-0.28110.0660-0.0518-0.9859-0.7656-0.2248-1.29700.09970.0210
(0.3164)(0.0992)(0.1034)(0.6329)(0.4689)(0.6095)(0.9176)(0.1156)(0.1151)
N584584584227162125357422459

Sample comparisons between 2003 CPS noncitizen respondents and NIS respondents

CharacteristicsCPSNIS
Full sampleaEmployedbFull samplecOur sampleOur sample
w/o employment principal
Age37.3235.8937.3837.4137.51
(14.25)(11.07)(10.77)(9.12)(9.48)
Male0.520.640.490.600.58
(0.50)(0.48)(0.50)(0.49)(0.59)
Education (in years)11.1411.5913.2214.3813.88
(4.52)(4.46)(4.35)(4.27)(4.17)
% Employed†0.631.00.621.01.0
(0.48)(0.49)
Hourly wage2.23††2.332.18
(0.87)(0.67)(0.59)
Observations1307875211160124601976

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic)

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.03980.04480.04430.1139-0.00430.15250.05750.03190.0245
(0.0365)(0.0375)(0.0373)(0.1192)(0.1380)(0.1543)(0.0424)(0.0404)(0.0394)
5 Years of GE0.05680.06540.06500.14710.00420.22980.08410.04850.0386
(0.0498)(0.0514)(0.0510)(0.1605)(0.1849)(0.2069)(0.0582)(0.0554)(0.0539)
10 Years of GE0.07630.09010.08850.13460.04320.35020.1216*0.07280.0590
(0.0604)(0.0628)(0.0620)(0.1866)(0.2133)(0.2405)(0.0718)(0.0678)(0.0653)
3 Years of OE0.1492***0.1678***0.1872***0.03940.2944**0.11570.5501***0.05190.0719
(0.0261)(0.0319)(0.0349)(0.1216)(0.1288)(0.1437)(0.1616)(0.0675)(0.0789)
5 Years of OE0.1981***0.2232***0.2539***0.05580.3836**0.15051.4284**0.05440.1610
(0.0335)(0.0392)(0.0431)(0.1598)(0.1675)(0.1852)(0.5558)(0.0844)(0.1443)
10 Years of OE0.2163***0.2388***0.2897***0.07870.3852**0.16107.5671**0.02460.1821
(0.0419)(0.0427)(0.0479)(0.1729)(0.1768)(0.1905)(3.7792)(0.1355)(0.2131)
3 years of NRCA0.1725***0.1693***0.1305***0.1306***0.0892*0.03760.5014***0.5412***0.2400***
(0.0301)(0.0355)(0.0239)(0.0346)(0.0456)(0.0406)(0.1671)(0.1274)(0.0690)
5 years of NRCA0.2708***0.2690***0.2103***0.2026***0.11950.04380.14800.7628***0.3798***
(0.0476)(0.0552)(0.0379)(0.0593)(0.0734)(0.0726)(0.2060)(0.1839)(0.1065)
10 years of NRCA0.4272***0.4366***0.3582***0.3089**0.0711-0.0093-5.8783**0.5968**0.5885***
(0.0775)(0.0832)(0.0628)(0.1448)(0.1445)(0.1874)(2.8815)(0.2753)(0.1538)
3 years of NRCI0.0708**-0.0106-0.03770.0697**-0.0733-0.1589**-0.13330.0309-0.0246
(0.0291)(0.0333)(0.0365)(0.0341)(0.0628)(0.0731)(0.1665)(0.0381)(0.0500)
5 years of NRCI0.1144**-0.0153-0.05830.0991*-0.1207-0.2650**-0.7963**0.0468-0.0372
(0.0457)(0.0520)(0.0581)(0.0552)(0.1011)(0.1216)(0.3748)(0.0592)(0.0799)
10 years of NRCI0.1985***-0.0089-0.08430.0952-0.2041-0.4890*-6.1920**0.0625-0.0477
(0.0719)(0.0782)(0.0946)(0.1031)(0.1819)(0.2511)(3.0430)(0.0870)(0.1333)
3 years of RCOG-0.04040.0558*0.0049-0.03430.05240.0123-0.2918***0.07670.0228
(0.0263)(0.0290)(0.0287)(0.0297)(0.0466)(0.0997)(0.1039)(0.0560)(0.0339)
5 years of RCOG-0.0693*0.0866*0.0075-0.05130.08880.0204-0.8822***0.12370.0365
(0.0415)(0.0456)(0.0458)(0.0467)(0.0769)(0.1564)(0.3146)(0.0850)(0.0538)
10 years of RCOG-0.1430**0.1274*0.0100-0.06710.17080.0265-5.5867**0.2133*0.0589
(0.0656)(0.0714)(0.0745)(0.0789)(0.1539)(0.2615)(2.7181)(0.1112)(0.0869)
3 years of RMAN-0.0713**-0.1062***-0.1233***-0.0249-0.1196-0.1748-0.3068***-0.0993**-0.1217**
(0.0361)(0.0361)(0.0476)(0.0537)(0.0770)(0.1368)(0.0990)(0.0491)(0.0522)
5 years of RMAN-0.1086*-0.1617***-0.1869**-0.0212-0.1583-0.2506-0.9394***-0.1500**-0.1830**
(0.0572)(0.0563)(0.0734)(0.0876)(0.1234)(0.2118)(0.3196)(0.0746)(0.0793)
10 years of RMAN-0.1418-0.2143**-0.2329**0.0829-0.0590-0.2258-5.8974**-0.1916*-0.2180*
(0.0913)(0.0850)(0.1069)(0.1618)(0.2164)(0.3226)(2.8076)(0.1000)(0.1151)
3 years of NRMN-0.0646**-0.0167-0.0482**-0.05980.0143-0.0204-0.2996***-0.0085-0.0368
(0.0327)(0.0220)(0.0219)(0.0469)(0.0513)(0.0656)(0.1016)(0.0260)(0.0251)
5 years of NRMN-0.0978*-0.0273-0.0771**-0.09210.0182-0.0315-0.9177***-0.0142-0.0594
(0.0528)(0.0352)(0.0349)(0.0803)(0.0814)(0.1089)(0.3269)(0.0417)(0.0397)
10 years of NRMN-0.1335-0.0532-0.1314**-0.1293-0.0043-0.0566-5.7884**-0.0302-0.1055*
(0.0915)(0.0588)(0.0577)(0.1834)(0.1390)(0.2267)(2.8214)(0.0703)(0.0637)
N2,4592,4592,4591,0066945511,4531,7651,908

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): low-skilled workers

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.03210.01110.02810.0204-0.07840.18120.04920.00500.0024
(0.0424)(0.0435)(0.0432)(0.2204)(0.2901)(0.4032)(0.0552)(0.0471)(0.0453)
5 Years of GE0.04870.02260.04560.0415-0.11350.21760.07510.01530.0106
(0.0582)(0.0600)(0.0596)(0.2914)(0.3826)(0.5436)(0.0763)(0.0653)(0.0627)
10 Years of GE0.07440.05480.08050.0851-0.14220.18680.12500.05190.0393
(0.0713)(0.0745)(0.0737)(0.3240)(0.4218)(0.6501)(0.0954)(0.0823)(0.0783)
3 Years of OE0.00210.04690.0690-0.03370.22750.19530.1271-0.0590-0.0385
(0.0345)(0.0446)(0.0513)(0.2391)(0.2964)(0.4180)(0.1631)(0.0867)(0.1096)
5 Years of OE-0.00310.06330.0938-0.06730.29750.25360.0668-0.0619-0.1182
(0.0435)(0.0548)(0.0625)(0.3101)(0.3933)(0.5641)(0.2445)(0.0995)(0.2185)
10 Years of OE-0.00990.07530.1122*-0.13010.29180.2250-0.04040.03520.2721**
(0.0505)(0.0560)(0.0635)(0.3230)(0.4352)(0.6658)(0.5675)(0.1542)(0.1153)
3 Years of NRCA0.4488***0.3350**0.3329***0.4362***0.4590***0.3877***1.36190.0272-1.8790
(0.1081)(0.1662)(0.0781)(0.1004)(0.1700)(0.1298)(1.2122)(0.2084)(1.8057)
5 Years of NRCA0.6995***0.5224**0.5329***0.6630***0.6845**0.6143***1.76080.0427-13.5495
(0.1664)(0.2519)(0.1233)(0.1676)(0.2638)(0.2115)(1.5745)(0.2720)(12.1213)
10 Years of NRCA1.0409***0.7750**0.8846***0.8944**0.8183*0.9816**-1.21740.0629-124.7749
(0.2348)(0.3232)(0.1933)(0.3570)(0.4395)(0.4049)(1.2194)(0.2713)(109.8213)
3 Years of NRCI0.1920***0.1447**0.04640.1659*0.08430.0650-0.64300.08370.0127
(0.0649)(0.0650)(0.0523)(0.0860)(0.1811)(0.1587)(1.0663)(0.0640)(0.0663)
5 Years of NRCI0.3022***0.2188**0.07520.2506*0.12100.0573-4.24880.12200.0229
(0.1021)(0.0982)(0.0835)(0.1362)(0.2850)(0.2501)(5.5933)(0.0973)(0.1063)
10 Years of NRCI0.4650***0.2744**0.13160.32380.1206-0.1886-18.03740.11540.0594
(0.1574)(0.1293)(0.1388)(0.2206)(0.4585)(0.4406)(22.5806)(0.1301)(0.1780)
3 Years of RCOG0.0695**0.1542**0.02100.0784**0.2713***-0.2451-0.13160.16700.0292
(0.0319)(0.0687)(0.0368)(0.0397)(0.0954)(0.2045)(0.1350)(0.2104)(0.0437)
5 Years of RCOG0.1081**0.2450**0.03620.1357*0.4236**-0.3285-0.13050.26790.0509
(0.0505)(0.1081)(0.0580)(0.0709)(0.1641)(0.3469)(0.2233)(0.2912)(0.0682)
10 Years of RCOG0.1597**0.3911**0.07990.28070.6208*-0.16000.31390.4407*0.1167
(0.0810)(0.1659)(0.0902)(0.1931)(0.3596)(0.7545)(0.6260)(0.2657)(0.1020)
3 Years of RMAN0.0223-0.0267-0.05640.00230.0399-0.05870.0302-0.0398-0.0611
(0.0406)(0.0402)(0.0523)(0.0672)(0.1097)(0.2125)(0.1273)(0.0538)(0.0585)
5 Years of RMAN0.0362-0.0413-0.08300.01110.0981-0.04930.0243-0.0617-0.0889
(0.0644)(0.0630)(0.0808)(0.1113)(0.1833)(0.3372)(0.2105)(0.0813)(0.0903)
10 Years of RMAN0.0610-0.0606-0.08360.06600.34850.1781-0.1116-0.0878-0.0823
(0.1031)(0.0954)(0.1190)(0.2241)(0.3701)(0.5942)(0.5349)(0.1080)(0.1336)
3 Years of NRMN0.04510.03930.00930.06080.05280.0084-0.00120.03440.0230
(0.0370)(0.0251)(0.0225)(0.0558)(0.0600)(0.0990)(0.1388)(0.0301)(0.0250)
5 Years of NRMN0.07770.05990.01170.11880.0850-0.03440.00550.05120.0317
(0.0597)(0.0402)(0.0360)(0.1093)(0.0990)(0.1636)(0.2321)(0.0484)(0.0398)
10 Years of NRMN0.15450.0785-0.00100.31580.1344-0.34110.04920.06030.0185
(0.1032)(0.0677)(0.0601)(0.3388)(0.2402)(0.3839)(0.4685)(0.0828)(0.0655)
N1,2301,2301,2304232511888079791,042

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country general experience (quartic)

ParametersAllStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.1059*** (0.0371)0.1574** (0.0688)0.2260*** (0.0874)0.2576** (0.1026)0.0557 (0.0412)0.0471 (0.0399)0.0486 (0.0383)
5 Years of GE0.1508*** (0.0506)0.2208** (0.0933)0.3161*** (0.1180)0.3638*** (0.1391)0.0823 (0.0564)0.0704 (0.0544)0.0718 (0.0523)
10 Years of GE0.1969*** (0.0606)0.2792** (0.1100)0.3980*** (0.1378)0.4734*** (0.1639)0.1175* (0.0683)0.1029 (0.0651)0.1021 (0.0627)
N2,4591,0066945511,4531,7651,908

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): high-skilled workers

ParametersAll immigrant workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
3 Years of GE0.04230.05790.04870.13020.11190.23430.03400.06010.0577
(0.0613)(0.0647)(0.0631)(0.1642)(0.1854)(0.2139)(0.0713)(0.0732)(0.0701)
5 Years of GE0.06130.07960.06960.17050.14790.34460.05300.08260.0818
(0.0834)(0.0881)(0.0860)(0.2212)(0.2460)(0.2852)(0.0973)(0.0993)(0.0953)
10 Years of GE0.08240.09060.08290.15000.16230.48830.08740.09110.0930
(0.1023)(0.1070)(0.1046)(0.2588)(0.2803)(0.3233)(0.1204)(0.1192)(0.1148)
3 Years of OE0.2438***0.2027***0.2390***0.13120.20450.20300.4011*0.08110.1384
(0.0406)(0.0499)(0.0517)(0.1702)(0.2173)(0.2467)(0.2423)(0.1263)(0.1223)
5 Years of OE0.3249***0.2753***0.3170***0.18380.28570.25500.52520.07910.1467
(0.0511)(0.0579)(0.0601)(0.2193)(0.2640)(0.2964)(0.7759)(0.1918)(0.1956)
10 Years of OE0.3598***0.3231***0.3559***0.24910.34710.2623-1.89240.05200.1421
(0.0657)(0.0691)(0.0792)(0.2275)(0.2343)(0.2472)(6.0921)(0.2221)(0.3705)
3 Years of NRCA0.0974***0.1193***0.0819***0.05400.0802-0.07740.3670*0.4823***0.1625**
(0.0349)(0.0398)(0.0265)(0.0458)(0.0545)(0.0553)(0.1877)(0.1485)(0.0735)
5 Years of NRCA0.1509***0.1891***0.1320***0.07350.0963-0.1754*0.57380.6747***0.2585**
(0.0551)(0.0623)(0.0425)(0.0895)(0.0913)(0.1007)(0.3603)(0.2191)(0.1140)
10 Years of NRCA0.2305**0.3050***0.2177***0.0633-0.0232-0.5464**0.86970.49300.4028**
(0.0915)(0.0957)(0.0753)(0.2778)(0.2112)(0.2492)(4.3292)(0.3183)(0.1679)
3 Years of NRCI0.0162-0.0716-0.1577**0.0280-0.1441-0.3815**-0.0802-0.0096-0.0705
(0.0333)(0.0449)(0.0738)(0.0463)(0.0875)(0.1541)(0.2275)(0.0520)(0.1040)
5 Years of NRCI0.0281-0.1128-0.2451**0.0399-0.2501*-0.5796**-0.7691-0.0165-0.1131
(0.0528)(0.0704)(0.1127)(0.0825)(0.1399)(0.2328)(0.4741)(0.0809)(0.1602)
10 Years of NRCI0.0630-0.1668-0.3592**0.0427-0.5063**-0.7201**10.9744-0.0271-0.1993
(0.0867)(0.1076)(0.1536)(0.2151)(0.2573)(0.3350)(8.7966)(0.1203)(0.2293)
3 Years of RCOG-0.1492***0.0115-0.0114-0.1664***-0.0353-0.0696-0.22440.0343-0.0110
(0.0433)(0.0413)(0.0493)(0.0579)(0.0772)(0.3235)(0.1660)(0.0619)(0.0568)
5 Years of RCOG-0.2445***0.0179-0.0197-0.2632***-0.0480-0.0967-0.40340.0589-0.0179
(0.0678)(0.0623)(0.0783)(0.0892)(0.1191)(0.4602)(0.4411)(0.0941)(0.0903)
10 Years of RCOG-0.4438***0.0316-0.0472-0.4201***-0.0254-0.05840.62280.1290-0.0359
(0.1042)(0.0851)(0.1260)(0.1373)(0.2005)(0.4174)(4.3398)(0.1245)(0.1456)
3 Years of RMAN-0.4502***-0.3661***-0.4460***-0.3804**-0.3015-1.1005-0.5958***-0.3799**-0.4468***
(0.1383)(0.0750)(0.1238)(0.1640)(0.1998)(0.8093)(0.2085)(0.1478)(0.1422)
5 Years of RMAN-0.6460***-0.5367***-0.6527***-0.5204**-0.4058-1.5851-0.9189*-0.5363**-0.5378***
(0.1986)(0.1131)(0.1772)(0.2375)(0.2865)(1.1642)(0.4862)(0.2090)(0.1701)
10 Years of RMAN-0.5692***-0.5387***-0.6689***-0.2808-0.1717-1.44680.7358-0.3697-0.2453
(0.2193)(0.1488)(0.1997)(0.2893)(0.3203)(1.0872)(4.3437)(0.2373)(0.1909)
3 Years of NRMN-0.4705***-0.1811***-0.2608***-0.5581***-0.3921***-0.3708-0.4584***-0.1374**-0.2441***
(0.0912)(0.0570)(0.0632)(0.1313)(0.1247)(0.2681)(0.1676)(0.0695)(0.0758)
5 Years of NRMN-0.7159***-0.2863***-0.4073***-0.8678***-0.6327***-0.5690-0.5130-0.2160**-0.3776***
(0.1344)(0.0894)(0.0974)(0.2000)(0.1989)(0.4329)(0.5157)(0.1087)(0.1163)
10 Years of NRMN-0.9025***-0.4533***-0.6119***-1.2103***-1.0613***-0.82781.3055-0.3355**-0.5412***
(0.1434)(0.1346)(0.1379)(0.2992)(0.3252)(0.7594)(5.0752)(0.1630)(0.1624)
N1,2291,2291,229583443363646786866

NIS interview questions and classification as stayer, switcher, and nonparticipant

Occupation in first source country jobOccupation in last source country jobOccupation in first U.S. jobClassificationType
XXXStayerI
XYYStayerII
XYXSwitcherI
XXYSwitcherII
XYZSwitcherII
Not workingNonparticipant

Summary statistics

ParametersAll workersStayersSwitchers
1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit1-Digit2-Digit3-Digit
Hourly wage13.58918.08719.67421.3410.47711.19711.35
(15.882)(19.697)(19.717)(20.23)(11.610)(13.359)(13.59)
Education13.82014.37514.72514.89813.43713.46513.509
(4.000)(3.969)(3.751)(3.817)(3.975)(4.038)(3.997)
English (very good)0.4110.5330.5970.6130.3270.3380.352
(0.492)(0.499)(0.491)(0.487)(0.469)(0.473)(0.478)
English (good)0.1400.1320.1200.1180.1450.1480.146
(0.347)(0.339)(0.325)(0.323)(0.352)(0.355)(0.353)
English (average)0.0570.0360.0290.0310.0720.0690.065
(0.232)(0.186)(0.167)(0.173)(0.259)(0.253)(0.247)
English (poor)0.0310.0290.0240.0220.0330.0340.034
(0.174)(0.167)(0.155)(0.146)(0.179)(0.181)(0.181)
English (very poor)0.3610.2700.2310.2160.4230.4120.402
(0.480)(0.444)(0.421)(0.412)(0.494)(0.492)(0.490)
Female0.4020.3770.3950.3760.4200.4050.410
(0.490)(0.485)(0.489)(0.485)(0.494)(0.491)(0.492)
Employment principal0.1970.3050.3730.4370.1220.1270.127
(0.398)(0.461)(0.484)(0.497)(0.327)(0.333)(0.333)
Spouse of US citizen0.1130.0980.0890.0780.1240.1230.124
(0.317)(0.298)(0.285)(0.268)(0.329)(0.328)(0.329)
Diversity principal0.1220.0830.0530.0510.1500.1490.143
(0.328)(0.275)(0.225)(0.220)(0.357)(0.357)(0.350)
Spouse of principal immigrant0.3080.3040.3010.2790.3100.3100.316
(0.462)(0.460)(0.459)(0.449)(0.463)(0.463)(0.465)
Region of residence (east)0.3690.3870.3790.3770.3560.3650.366
(0.483)(0.487)(0.485)(0.485)(0.479)(0.481)(0.482)
Region of residence (west)0.2750.2710.2610.2600.2780.2810.280
(0.447)(0.445)(0.439)(0.439)(0.448)(0.450)(0.449)
Region of residence (south)0.1840.1830.1920.1760.1850.1810.186
(0.388)(0.387)(0.394)(0.381)(0.388)(0.385)(0.390)
Years between last source job and US job1.9241.7441.6431.4212.0492.0352.069
(3.709)(3.633)(3.693)(3.130)(3.758)(3.711)(3.849)
Workers2,4601,0066945511,4541,7661,909
eISSN:
2520-1786
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
Kanał RSS czasopisma