Variable name | Description |
---|---|
No education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has no education and 0 otherwise. |
Primary education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is primary education (grades 1–4) and 0 otherwise. |
Basic education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is basic education (grades 5–8(9)) and 0 otherwise. |
Secondary general education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is secondary general education (grades 9–10(11)) and 0 otherwise. |
Vocational education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is vocational education (secondary special or technical) and 0 otherwise. |
Tertiary education | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is tertiary education (higher or graduate) and 0 otherwise. |
Household head | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is the head of the household and 0 otherwise. |
Former or current migrant | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has ever migrated and 0 otherwise. |
Married/ | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is married and 0 otherwise. |
Age | The age of the person |
Age-square | The square of the age of the person |
Male | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is male and 0 otherwise. |
Female | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is female and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in capital | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in the capital and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in other urban areas | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in other than capital urban area and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in a rural area | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in a rural area and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in Tajikistan | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Tajikistan and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in Uzbekistan | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Uzbekistan and 0 otherwise. |
Lives in Kyrgyzstan | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Kyrgyzstan and 0 otherwise. |
Number of children age <18 | A number of children with ages less than 18 in the household. |
Female-headed household | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the head of household is female and 0 otherwise. |
Household consumption: first quintile | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the lowest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise. |
Household consumption: second quintile | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the second consumption quintile and 0 otherwise. |
Household consumption: third quintile | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the middle consumption quintile and 0 otherwise. |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the fourth consumption quintile and 0 otherwise. |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is the highest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise. |
Community’s migrant network age >46 | A share of migrants among the adult population with ages 47 and higher in the survey’s population sampling unit. |
Household’s share of adults age >46 with professional education | A share of adults with professional education with ages 47 and higher in the household. |
Instrumented bivariate probit | Two-stage least squares | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertiary education | Former or current migrant | 2nd stage: Tertiary education | 1st stage: former or current migrant | ||
Coefficients | Marginal effects The estimate of the average population effect of being a former or current migrant on the decision of tertiary education in the Bivariate Probit is −0.1125 with a standard error of 0.0026. | Coefficients | Coefficients | Coefficients | |
Former migrant or current | −0.7078* | −0.1417 | −0.2190*** | ||
Household head | 0.3127*** | 0.0849** | −0.1319 | 0.0665*** | −0.0484* |
Married/ | 0.0604 | 0.0171 | −0.1107 | 0.0093 | −0.0217 |
Age | 0.1215 | 0.0287 | −0.0025 | 0.0288 | −0.0040 |
Age-square | −0.0021 | −0.0005 | 0.0002 | −0.0005 | 0.0001 |
Male | 0.3619*** | 0.0485*** | 1.2351*** | 0.0964*** | 0.315*** |
Lives in rural areas | −0.3004*** | −0.0776** | 0.1928** | −0.0599*** | 0.0516*** |
Lives in Tajikistan | −0.5038*** | −0.1052*** | 0.0370 | −0.1370*** | 0.0248 |
Lives in Uzbekistan | −0.9079*** | −0.2404*** | −0.0695 | −0.2230*** | −0.0063 |
Number of children age <18 | −0.0298 | −0.0071 | 0.0040 | −0.0084** | 0.0005 |
Female headed house-hold | −0.1845* | −0.0372 | −0.1361* | −0.0348* | −0.0362* |
Household consumption: second quintile | 0.0214 | 0.0088 | −0.1237 | −0.0084 | −0.0269 |
Household consumption: third quintile | 0.3813*** | 0.1056*** | −0.2615*** | 0.0556*** | −0.0644*** |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | 0.4161*** | 0.1186*** | −0.3313*** | 0.0613*** | −0.0802*** |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | 0.5806*** | 0.1671*** | −0.3149*** | 0.1070*** | −0.0771*** |
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46 | 0.7379*** | 0.1696*** | 0.1354 | 0.1700*** | 0.0293 |
Community’s migrant network age >46 | −0.1122 | 3.8201*** | 1.0310*** | ||
Constant | −0.1330 | 0.0529 | |||
R-squared | 0.1050 | 0.1750 | |||
atanh | 0.1636 | ||||
0.1621 | |||||
Observations | 8037 | 8037 |
Ever migrated abroad = 1 (=0 if never migrated) | Probit model | Heteroscedastic probit model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficients | Marginal | Coefficients | Marginal | lnsigma2 | |
Vocational education | −0.0011 | −0.0003 | −0.0020 | −0.0030 | 0.0860 |
Tertiary education | −0.4628*** | −0.1013*** | −0.0149 | −0.0880*** | 0.1153* |
Household head | −0.0986 | −0.0234 | −0.001 | −0.0315** | −0.1843* |
Married/ | −0.1019 | −0.0252 | 0.0012 | −0.0283** | −0.2578*** |
Age | 0.0087 | 0.0021 | 0.0002 | 0.0055 | 0.0299 |
Age-square | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.0002 |
Male | 1.2524*** | 0.3106*** | 1.9879 | 0.3371*** | −4.0126 |
Lives in rural areas | 0.1726** | 0.0418** | 0.0042 | 0.0334*** | 0.0051 |
Lives in Tajikistan | 0.0028 | 0.0007 | 0.0152 | 0.0686*** | −0.3484*** |
Lives in Uzbekistan | −0.1484 | −0.0368 | 0.0098 | 0.0421*** | −0.3623*** |
Number of children age <18 | 0.0015 | 0.0004 | −0.0002 | −0.0011 | 0.0032 |
Female headed household | −0.1481* | −0.0346* | −0.001 | 0.0046 | 0.0843 |
Household consumption: second quintile | −0.1219 | −0.029 | 0.0009 | −0.0027 | −0.0745 |
Household consumption: third quintile | −0.2335*** | −0.0544*** | −0.0018 | −0.0328** | −0.1411** |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | −0.2889*** | −0.0663*** | −0.0009 | −0.0286** | −0.1633** |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | −0.2552*** | −0.0590*** | −0.0016 | −0.0255* | −0.0979 |
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46 | 0.2103** | 0.0511** | 0.0038 | 0.0612*** | 0.2403*** |
Community’s migrant network age >46 | 3.7565*** | 0.9130*** | 0.0674 | 0.6373*** | 0.8917*** |
Constant | −1.8167 | −2.0145 | |||
Observations | 8037 | 8037 |
Completed tertiary education=1 (=0 if lower education) | Probit model | Heteroscedastic probit model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficients | Marginal | Coefficients | Marginal | lnsigma2 | |
Former or current migrant | −0.4482*** | −0.0756*** | −0.1283 | −0.0679*** | 0.0858 |
Household head | 0.3281*** | 0.0699*** | 0.1382 | 0.0969*** | −0.0458 |
Married/ | 0.0675 | 0.0126 | 0.0577 | 0.0180* | −0.1217* |
Age | 0.125 | 0.0237 | 0.0247 | 0.0082 | −0.0544 |
Age-square | −0.0022 | −0.0004 | −0.0004 | −0.0002 | 0.001 |
Male | 0.2798*** | 0.0532*** | 0.1333 | 0.0841*** | −0.0501 |
Lives in rural areas | −0.3144*** | −0.0607*** | −0.3076 | −0.1517*** | 0.3060*** |
Lives in Tajikistan | −0.5272*** | −0.0859*** | −0.0312 | −0.0976*** | −0.5223*** |
Lives in Uzbekistan | −0.9129*** | −0.2074*** | −0.3173 | −0.1938*** | −0.1528 |
Number of children age <18 | −0.0305 | −0.0058 | −0.02 | −0.0141*** | −0.0031 |
Female headed household | −0.1728 | −0.0305* | −0.1257 | −0.0360** | 0.2324* |
Household consumption: second quintile | 0.0315 | 0.006 | 0.0792 | 0.0445*** | −0.0773 |
Household consumption: third quintile | 0.4027*** | 0.0848*** | 0.0946 | 0.0654*** | −0.013 |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | 0.4420*** | 0.0946*** | 0.1178 | 0.0868*** | 0.0121 |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | 0.6035*** | 0.1355*** | 0.2009 | 0.1402*** | −0.0907 |
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age >46 | 0.7326*** | 0.1391*** | 0.255 | 0.1939*** | 0.1277 |
Constant | −2.55 | −0.6308 | |||
Observations | 8037 | 8037 |
Completed or acquiring education | Coefficients | Marginal effects | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary or less | Vocational | Tertiary | ||
Former or current migrant | −0.2227*** | 0.0765*** | −0.0365*** | −0.0401*** |
Household head | 0.3708*** | −0.1311*** | 0.0502*** | 0.0809*** |
Married/ | 0.0788 | −0.0272 | 0.0125 | 0.0147 |
Age | −0.0248 | 0.0086 | −0.0039 | −0.0048 |
Age-square | 0.0003 | −0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 |
Male | 0.1259* | −0.0439*** | 0.0198*** | 0.0241** |
Lives in rural area | −0.2881*** | 0.1017*** | −0.0458*** | −0.0559*** |
Lives in Tajikistan | −0.6874*** | 0.2247*** | −0.1213*** | −0.1034*** |
Lives in Uzbekistan | −0.3987*** | 0.1372*** | −0.0534*** | −0.0837*** |
Number of children age <18 | −0.0392* | 0.0136** | −0.0061* | −0.0075** |
Female headed household | −0.1485 | 0.0510 | −0.0244 | −0.0265 |
Household consumption: second quintile | 0.1441 | −0.0501* | 0.0214* | 0.0287 |
Household consumption: third quintile | 0.3901*** | −0.1365*** | 0.0534*** | 0.0831*** |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | 0.4938*** | −0.1740*** | 0.0653*** | 0.1087*** |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | 0.5948*** | −0.2113*** | 0.0761*** | 0.1352*** |
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46 | 0.7435*** | −0.2584*** | 0.1162*** | 0.1422*** |
cut1 | −0.3322 | |||
cut2 | 0.6924 | |||
Observations | 8037 |
All countries | Tajikistan | Uzbekistan | Kyrgyzstan | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men and | Current | Never | Men and | Current | Never | Men and | Current | Never | Men and | Current | Never | |
No education | 0.0105 | 0.0045 | 0.0122 | 0.0334 | 0.0113 | 0.0421 | 0.0049 | 0.0024 | 0.0055 | 0.0108 | 0.0032 | 0.0127 |
Primary education | 0.0045 | 0.0036 | 0.0047 | 0.0233 | 0.0164 | 0.0260 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0037 | 0 | 0.0047 |
Basic education | 0.1094 | 0.0975 | 0.1129 | 0.1937 | 0.1653 | 0.2050 | 0.1019 | 0.0844 | 0.1067 | 0.0290 | 0.0403 | 0.0261 |
Secondary general education | 0.4542 | 0.5181 | 0.4357 | 0.5265 | 0.5638 | 0.5117 | 0.4338 | 0.4970 | 0.4168 | 0.4709 | 0.5578 | 0.4486 |
Professional education: | ||||||||||||
Vocational education | 0.2810 | 0.2831 | 0.2804 | 0.0828 | 0.1119 | 0.0713 | 0.3493 | 0.3612 | 0.3461 | 0.1580 | 0.1408 | 0.1624 |
Tertiary education | 0.1404 | 0.0931 | 0.1541 | 0.1403 | 0.1312 | 0.1439 | 0.1101 | 0.0550 | 0.1250 | 0.3275 | 0.2578 | 0.3454 |
Household head | 0.1098 | 0.1578 | 0.0959 | 0.1070 | 0.1695 | 0.0822 | 0.0984 | 0.1564 | 0.0827 | 0.1842 | 0.1428 | 0.1949 |
Former or current migrant | 0.2239 | 1 | 0 | 0.2842 | 1 | 0 | 0.2124 | 1 | 0 | 0.2042 | 1 | 0 |
Manied | 0.8285 | 0.8203 | 0.8308 | 0.8293 | 0.8296 | 0.8291 | 0.8405 | 0.8385 | 0.8411 | 0.7527 | 0.6834 | 0.7705 |
Age | 31.0152 | 31.0446 | 31.0067 | 31.0055 | 31.1305 | 30.9558 | 31.0061 | 31.1030 | 30.9800 | 31.0854 | 30.4900 | 31.2382 |
Age-square | 979.9376 | 981.5682 | 979.4672 | 979.6896 | 987.1113 | 976.7430 | 979.2326 | 985.0854 | 977.6544 | 984.6581 | 947.4116 | 994.2160 |
Male | 0.5069 | 0.8485 | 0.4084 | 0.5018 | 0.8999 | 0.3437 | 0.5110 | 0.8628 | 0.4162 | 0.4896 | 0.6498 | 0.4485 |
Female | 0.4931 | 0.1515 | 0.5916 | 0.4982 | 0.1001 | 0.6563 | 0.4890 | 0.1372 | 0.5838 | 0.5104 | 0.3502 | 0.5515 |
Lives incapital | 0.0968 | 0.0459 | 0.1115 | 0.0926 | 0.0650 | 0.1035 | 0.0908 | 0.0392 | 0.1047 | 0.1403 | 0.0493 | 0.1636 |
Lives in other urban areas | 0.3877 | 0.3543 | 0.3974 | 0.1940 | 0.2062 | 0.1892 | 0.4602 | 0.4130 | 0.4730 | 0.2319 | 0.2879 | 0.2175 |
Lives in rural areas | 0.5574 | 0.6161 | 0.5404 | 0.7134 | 0.7289 | 0.7073 | 0.5079 | 0.5720 | 0.4906 | 0.6279 | 0.6628 | 0.6189 |
Lives in Tajikistan | 0.1734 | 0.2201 | 0.1599 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lives in Uzbekistan | 0.7113 | 0.6747 | 0.7218 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lives in Kyrgyzstan | 0.1153 | 0.1052 | 0.1183 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Number of children age<18 | 2.4944 | 2.5309 | 2.4839 | 3.3796 | 3.2119 | 3.4462 | 2.3663 | 2.4004 | 2.3571 | 1.9535 | 1.9429 | 1.9563 |
Female-headed household | 0.0495 | 0.0514 | 0.0489 | 0.1987 | 0.1860 | 0.2037 | 0.0190 | 0.0110 | 0.0212 | 0.0131 | 0.0292 | 0.0089 |
Household consumption: first quintile | 0.2297 | 0.2777 | 0.2158 | 0.2180 | 0.2277 | 0.2142 | 0.2342 | 0.3106 | 0.2136 | 0.2191 | 0.1707 | 0.2315 |
Household consumption: second quintile | 0.2108 | 0.2279 | 0.2059 | 0.2024 | 0.1902 | 0.2073 | 0.2112 | 0.2306 | 0.2059 | 0.2209 | 0.2895 | 0.2033 |
Household consumption: third quintile | 0.1980 | 0.1793 | 0.2034 | 0.2034 | 0.2072 | 0.2019 | 0.1985 | 0.1754 | 0.2047 | 0.1864 | 0.1457 | 0.1968 |
Household consumption: fourth quintile | 0.1819 | 0.1490 | 0.1914 | 0.1940 | 0.2095 | 0.1878 | 0.1797 | 0.1283 | 0.1936 | 0.1770 | 0.1547 | 0.1827 |
Household consumption: fifth quintile | 0.1797 | 0.1662 | 0.1836 | 0.1822 | 0.1655 | 0.1888 | 0.1763 | 0.1550 | 0.1821 | 0.1966 | 0.2393 | 0.1857 |
Household's share of tertiary educated adults age >46 | 0.2515 | 0.2843 | 0.2420 | 0.1868 | 0.2112 | 0.1771 | 0.2711 | 0.3004 | 0.2632 | 0.2275 | 0.3334 | 0.2003 |
Community's migrant network age >46 | 0.0660 | 0.0861 | 0.0602 | 0.1018 | 0.1123 | 0.0976 | 0.0598 | 0.0795 | 0.0545 | 0.0504 | 0.0741 | 0.0443 |
Observations | 8037 | 1893 | 6144 | 4487 | 1157 | 3330 | 2026 | 440 | 1586 | 1524 | 296 | 1228 |