Migration and Forsaken Schooling in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan

Ilhom Abdulloev; Gil S. Epstein; Ira N. Gang

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Migration and Forsaken Schooling in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan

Ilhom Abdulloev

Gil S. Epstein

and

Ira N. Gang

| Mar 17, 2020

IZA Journal of Development and Migration

Volume 11 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0004

Keywords
migration, poverty, inequality, education, skill

© 2020 Ilhom Abdulloev, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Schooling, age, and degrees in Tajikistan.Note: This figure lays out the structure of Tajikistan’s educational system, the translation of degrees into years of schooling, and the normal corresponding students’ ages. In this article, professional education starts at years of schooling category “Professional lyceums and Vocational schools” corresponding to age 16 or 9 years of compulsory basic education. These are the lower band for the professional education categories. With professional education from lyceums and vocational schools, people work at lower professional occupations.

Mean wages between migrants in the Russian Federation and nonmigrants in their home countries (by education and sectors).

Description of variables

Variable name	Description
No education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has no education and 0 otherwise.
Primary education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is primary education (grades 1–4) and 0 otherwise.
Basic education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is basic education (grades 5–8(9)) and 0 otherwise.
Secondary general education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is secondary general education (grades 9–10(11)) and 0 otherwise.
Vocational education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is vocational education (secondary special or technical) and 0 otherwise.
Tertiary education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is tertiary education (higher or graduate) and 0 otherwise.
Household head	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is the head of the household and 0 otherwise.
Former or current migrant	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has ever migrated and 0 otherwise.
Married/nikoh	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is married and 0 otherwise.
Age	The age of the person
Age-square	The square of the age of the person
Male	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is male and 0 otherwise.
Female	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is female and 0 otherwise.
Lives in capital	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in the capital and 0 otherwise.
Lives in other urban areas	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in other than capital urban area and 0 otherwise.
Lives in a rural area	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in a rural area and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Tajikistan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Tajikistan and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Uzbekistan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Uzbekistan and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Kyrgyzstan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Kyrgyzstan and 0 otherwise.
Number of children age <18	A number of children with ages less than 18 in the household.
Female-headed household	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the head of household is female and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: first quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the lowest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: second quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the second consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: third quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the middle consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: fourth quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the fourth consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: fifth quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is the highest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Community’s migrant network age >46	A share of migrants among the adult population with ages 47 and higher in the survey’s population sampling unit.
Household’s share of adults age >46 with professional education	A share of adults with professional education with ages 47 and higher in the household.

Instrumented bivariate probit and two-stage least squares IV regressions on choices of migration and tertiary education

	Instrumented bivariate probit			Two-stage least squares
	Tertiary education		Former or current migrant	2^nd stage: Tertiary education	1^st stage: former or current migrant
	Coefficients	Marginal effects The estimate of the average population effect of being a former or current migrant on the decision of tertiary education in the Bivariate Probit is −0.1125 with a standard error of 0.0026.	Coefficients	Coefficients	Coefficients
Former migrant or current	−0.7078*[0.3674]	−0.1417[0.1027]		−0.2190***[0.0726]
Household head	0.3127***[0.1118]	0.0849**[0.0362]	−0.1319[0.0984]	0.0665***[0.0205]	−0.0484*[0.0269]
Married/nikoh	0.0604[0.0709]	0.0171[0.0174]	−0.1107[0.0724]	0.0093[0.0153]	−0.0217[0.0183]
Age	0.1215[0.1130]	0.0287[0.0279]	−0.0025[0.1154]	0.0288[0.0213]	−0.0040[0.0253]
Age-square	−0.0021[0.0018]	−0.0005[0.0004]	0.0002[0.0018]	−0.0005[0.0003]	0.0001[0.0004]
Male	0.3619***[0.1318]	0.0485***[0.0187]	1.2351***[0.0643]	0.0964***[0.0255]	0.315***[0.0146]
Lives in rural areas	−0.3004***[0.0972]	−0.0776**[0.0330]	0.1928**[0.0800]	−0.0599***[0.0112]	0.0516***[0.0138]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.5038***[0.1128]	−0.1052***[0.0271]	0.0370[0.1111]	−0.1370***[0.0158]	0.0248[0.0161]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.9079***[0.1042]	−0.2404***[0.0467]	−0.0695[0.1035]	−0.2230***[0.0138]	−0.0063[0.0137]
Number of children age <18	−0.0298[0.0254]	−0.0071[0.0061]	0.0040[0.0229]	−0.0084**[0.0035]	0.0005[0.0049]
Female headed house-hold	−0.1845*[0.1112]	−0.0372[0.0246]	−0.1361*[0.0812]	−0.0348*[0.0181]	−0.0362*[0.0216]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.0214[0.0829]	0.0088[0.0214]	−0.1237[0.0796]	−0.0084[0.0128]	−0.0269[0.0212]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.3813***[0.1174]	0.1056***[0.0368]	−0.2615***[0.0831]	0.0556***[0.0167]	−0.0644***[0.0205]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4161***[0.1088]	0.1186***[0.0436]	−0.3313***[0.0893]	0.0613***[0.0179]	−0.0802***[0.0211]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.5806***[0.1061]	0.1671***[0.0432]	−0.3149***[0.0793]	0.1070***[0.0185]	−0.0771***[0.0217]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.7379***[0.0936]	0.1696***[0.0453]	0.1354[0.0848]	0.1700***[0.0184]	0.0293[0.0195]
Community’s migrant network age >46		−0.1122[0.1855]	3.8201***[0.6203]		1.0310***[0.0982]
Constant				−0.1330[0.3340]	0.0529[0.3960]
R-squared				0.1050	0.1750
atanh ρ	0.1636[0.2225]
ρ	0.1621[0.2166]

Observations	8037			8037

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of migration

Ever migrated abroad = 1 (=0 if never migrated)	Probit model		Heteroscedastic probit model
Ever migrated abroad = 1 (=0 if never migrated)	Coefficients	Marginaleffects	Coefficients	Marginaleffects	lnsigma2
Vocational education	−0.0011[0.0910]	−0.0003[0.0221]	−0.0020[0.0073]	−0.0030[0.0116]	0.0860[0.0591]
Tertiary education	−0.4628^***[0.0836]	−0.1013^***[0.0164]	−0.0149[0.0534]	−0.0880^***[0.0107]	0.1153^*[0.0651]
Household head	−0.0986[0.1020]	−0.0234[0.0237]	−0.001[0.0039]	−0.0315^**[0.0123]	−0.1843^*[0.1009]
Married/nikoh	−0.1019[0.0709]	−0.0252[0.0180]	0.0012[0.0045]	−0.0283^**[0.0120]	−0.2578^***[0.0530]
Age	0.0087[0.1083]	0.0021[0.0263]	0.0002[0.0020]	0.0055[0.0158]	0.0299[0.0783]
Age-square	0[0.0017]	0[0.0004]	0[0.0000]	0[0.0002]	−0.0002[0.0012]
Male	1.2524^***[0.0650]	0.3106^***[0.0141]	1.9879[2.4548]	0.3371^***[0.0090]	−4.0126[3.7482]
Lives in rural areas	0.1726^**[0.0808]	0.0418^**[0.0195]	0.0042[0.0152]	0.0334^***[0.0087]	0.0051[0.0427]
Lives in Tajikistan	0.0028[0.1056]	0.0007[0.0257]	0.0152[0.0549]	0.0686^***[0.0127]	−0.3484^***[0.0667]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.1484[0.1035]	−0.0368[0.0259]	0.0098[0.0356]	0.0421^***[0.0158]	−0.3623^***[0.0701]
Number of children age <18	0.0015[0.0221]	0.0004[0.0054]	−0.0002[0.0008]	−0.0011[0.0027]	0.0032[0.0124]
Female headed household	−0.1481^*[0.0813]	−0.0346^*[0.0181]	−0.001[0.0040]	0.0046[0.0166]	0.0843[0.0775]
Household consumption: second quintile	−0.1219[0.0801]	−0.029[0.0185]	0.0009[0.0034]	−0.0027[0.0133]	−0.0745[0.0622]
Household consumption: third quintile	−0.2335^***[0.0847]	−0.0544^***[0.0184]	−0.0018[0.0066]	−0.0328^**[0.0131]	−0.1411^**[0.0626]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	−0.2889^***[0.0890]	−0.0663^***[0.0188]	−0.0009[0.0037]	−0.0286^**[0.0137]	−0.1633^**[0.0637]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	−0.2552^***[0.0805]	−0.0590^***[0.0172]	−0.0016[0.0060]	−0.0255^*[0.0135]	−0.0979[0.0651]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.2103^**[0.0898]	0.0511^**[0.0221]	0.0038[0.0138]	0.0612^***[0.0141]	0.2403^***[0.0615]
Community’s migrant network age >46	3.7565^***[0.5876]	0.9130^***[0.1436]	0.0674[0.2406]	0.6373^***[0.0604]	0.8917^***[0.2780]
Constant	−1.8167[1.6940]		−2.0145[2.4515]

Observations	8037		8037

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of tertiary education

Completed tertiary education=1 (=0 if lower education)	Probit model		Heteroscedastic probit model
Completed tertiary education=1 (=0 if lower education)	Coefficients	Marginaleffects	Coefficients	Marginaleffects	lnsigma2
Former or current migrant	−0.4482^***[0.0762]	−0.0756^***[0.0118]	−0.1283[0.1940]	−0.0679^***[0.0092]	0.0858[0.0722]
Household head	0.3281^***[0.1098]	0.0699^***[0.0259]	0.1382[0.2092]	0.0969^***[0.0151]	−0.0458[0.0907]
Married/nikoh	0.0675[0.0713]	0.0126[0.0128]	0.0577[0.0898]	0.0180^*[0.0105]	−0.1217^*[0.0684]
Age	0.125[0.1152]	0.0237[0.0221]	0.0247[0.0286]	0.0082[0.0156]	−0.0544[0.0959]
Age-square	−0.0022[0.0018]	−0.0004[0.0003]	−0.0004[0.0005]	−0.0002[0.0002]	0.001[0.0015]
Male	0.2798^***[0.0662]	0.0532^***[0.0132]	0.1333[0.2006]	0.0841^***[0.0101]	−0.0501[0.0738]
Lives in rural areas	−0.3144^***[0.0963]	−0.0607^***[0.0192]	−0.3076[0.4700]	−0.1517^***[0.0089]	0.3060^***[0.1057]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.5272^***[0.1011]	−0.0859^***[0.0158]	−0.0312[0.0586]	−0.0976^***[0.0116]	−0.5223^***[0.0926]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.9129^***[0.1051]	−0.2074^***[0.0254]	−0.3173[0.4876]	−0.1938^***[0.0098]	−0.1528[0.1131]
Number of children age <18	−0.0305[0.0258]	−0.0058[0.0047]	−0.02[0.0308]	−0.0141^***[0.0025]	−0.0031[0.0162]
Female headed household	−0.1728[0.1094]	−0.0305^*[0.0177]	−0.1257[0.1974]	−0.0360^**[0.0150]	0.2324^*[0.1264]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.0315[0.0851]	0.006[0.0164]	0.0792[0.1248]	0.0445^***[0.0160]	−0.0773[0.0883]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.4027^***[0.1096]	0.0848^***[0.0251]	0.0946[0.1458]	0.0654^***[0.0163]	−0.013[0.0899]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4420^***[0.1042]	0.0946^***[0.0255]	0.1178[0.1820]	0.0868^***[0.0169]	0.0121[0.0931]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.6035^***[0.0939]	0.1355^***[0.0243]	0.2009[0.3044]	0.1402^***[0.0180]	−0.0907[0.0915]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age >46	0.7326^***[0.0933]	0.1391^***[0.0172]	0.255[0.3848]	0.1939^***[0.0119]	0.1277[0.0904]
Constant	−2.55[1.8489]		−0.6308[0.7255]

Observations	8037		8037

Ordered probit of the choice of education

Completed or acquiring education	Coefficients	Marginal effects
Completed or acquiring education	Coefficients	Secondary or less	Vocational	Tertiary
Former or current migrant	−0.2227***[0.0640]	0.0765***[0.0216]	−0.0365***[0.0112]	−0.0401***[0.0108]
Household head	0.3708***[0.0759]	−0.1311***[0.0273]	0.0502***[0.0098]	0.0809***[0.0183]
Married/nikoh	0.0788[0.0544]	−0.0272[0.0186]	0.0125[0.0088]	0.0147[0.0099]
Age	−0.0248[0.0966]	0.0086[0.0336]	−0.0039[0.0152]	−0.0048[0.0184]
Age-square	0.0003[0.0015]	−0.0001[0.0005]	0.0000[0.0002]	0.0001[0.0003]
Male	0.1259*[0.0488]	−0.0439***[0.0170]	0.0198***[0.0077]	0.0241**[0.0095]
Lives in rural area	−0.2881***[0.0730]	0.1017***[0.0261]	−0.0458***[0.0119]	−0.0559***[0.0147]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.6874***[0.1009]	0.2247***[0.0300]	−0.1213***[0.0172]	−0.1034***[0.0147]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.3987***[0.0969]	0.1372***[0.0323]	−0.0534***[0.0101]	−0.0837***[0.0231]
Number of children age <18	−0.0392*[0.0196]	0.0136**[0.0068]	−0.0061*[0.0032]	−0.0075**[0.0036]
Female headed household	−0.1485[0.1113]	0.0510[0.0375]	−0.0244[0.0190]	−0.0265[0.0186]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.1441[0.0864]	−0.0501*[0.0299]	0.0214*[0.0125]	0.0287[0.0176]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.3901***[0.0670]	−0.1365***[0.0233]	0.0534***[0.0087]	0.0831***[0.0158]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4938***[0.0794]	−0.1740***[0.0277]	0.0653***[0.0082]	0.1087***[0.0211]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.5948***[0.0740]	−0.2113***[0.0255]	0.0761***[0.0079]	0.1352***[0.0205]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.7435***[0.0834]	−0.2584***[0.0269]	0.1162***[0.0136]	0.1422***[0.0164]
cut1	−0.3322[1.5271]
cut2	0.6924[1.5255]

Observations	8037

Summary statistics

	All countries			Tajikistan			Uzbekistan			Kyrgyzstan
	Men andWomen	Currentor formermigrant	Nevermigrated	Men andWomen	Currentor formermigrant	Nevermigrated	Men andWomen	Currentor formermigrant	Nevermigrated	Men andWomen	Currentor formermigrant	Nevermigrated
Education variables
No education	0.0105 [0.0024]	0.0045 [0.0020]	0.0122 [0.0028]	0.0334 [0.0108]	0.0113 [0.0046]	0.0421 [0.0138]	0.0049 [0.0018]	0.0024 [0.0024]	0.0055 [0.0022]	0.0108 [0.0051]	0.0032 [0.0032]	0.0127 [0.0061]
Primary education	0.0045 [0.0008]	0.0036 [0.0010]	0.0047 [0.0009]	0.0233 [0.0043]	0.0164 [0.0043]	0.0260 [0.0055]	0	0	0	0.0037 [0.0010]	0	0.0047 [0.0013]
Basic education	0.1094 [0.0096]	0.0975 [0.0140]	0.1129 [0.0100]	0.1937 [0.0183]	0.1653 [0.0253]	0.2050 [0.0190]	0.1019 [0.0125]	0.0844 [0.0190]	0.1067 [0.0129]	0.0290 [0.0095]	0.0403 [0.0162]	0.0261 [0.0087]
Secondary general education	0.4542 [0.0165]	0.5181 [0.0225]	0.4357 [0.0180]	0.5265 [0.0198]	0.5638 [0.0251]	0.5117 [0.0215]	0.4338 [0.0214]	0.4970 [0.0309]	0.4168 [0.0232]	0.4709 [0.0460]	0.5578 [0.0570]	0.4486 [0.0490]
Professional education:
Vocational education	0.2810 [0.0167]	0.2831 [0.0231]	0.2804 [0.0188]	0.0828 [0.0070]	0.1119 [0.0141]	0.0713 [0.0063]	0.3493 [0.0225]	0.3612 [0.0329]	0.3461 [0.0252]	0.1580 [0.0106]	0.1408 [0.0250]	0.1624 [0.0116]
Tertiary education	0.1404 [0.0116]	0.0931 [0.0119]	0.1541 [0.0132]	0.1403 [0.0099]	0.1312 [0.0120]	0.1439 [0.0111]	0.1101 [0.0114]	0.0550 [0.0138]	0.1250 [0.0126]	0.3275 [0.0422]	0.2578 [0.0494]	0.3454 [0.0462]
Individual characteristics
Household head	0.1098[0.0087]	0.1578[0.0193]	0.0959[0.0091]	0.1070[0.0089]	0.1695[0.0202]	0.0822[0.0074]	0.0984[0.0112]	0.1564[0.0275]	0.0827[0.0116]	0.1842[0.0160]	0.1428[0.0275]	0.1949[0.0157]
Former or current migrant	0.2239[0.0102]	1	0	0.2842[0.0128]	1	0	0.2124[0.0133]	1	0	0.2042[0.0244]	1	0
Manied/nikoh	0.8285[0.0079]	0.8203[0.0147]	0.8308[0.0092]	0.8293[0.0089]	0.8296[0.0148]	0.8291[0.0092]	0.8405[0.0102]	0.8385[0.0205]	0.8411[0.0119]	0.7527[0.0152]	0.6834[0.0306]	0.7705[0.0164]
Age	31.0152[0.1093]	31.0446[0.1835]	31.0067[0.1145]	31.0055[0.1049]	31.1305[0.1667]	30.9558[0.1189]	31.0061[0.1496]	31.1030[0.2624]	30.9800[0.1535]	31.0854[0.1487]	30.4900[0.2778]	31.2382[0.1654]
Age-square	979.9376[6.9265]	981.5682[11.7373]	979.4672[7.2430]	979.6896[6.7053]	987.1113[10.7850]	976.7430[7.5436]	979.2326[9.4721]	985.0854[16.7905]	977.6544[9.7142]	984.6581[9.4219]	947.4116[17.4577]	994.2160[10.4717]
Male	0.5069[0.0055]	0.8485[0.0145]	0.4084[0.0086]	0.5018[0.0057]	0.8999[0.0121]	0.3437[0.0096]	0.5110[0.0073]	0.8628[0.0207]	0.4162[0.0115]	0.4896[0.0126]	0.6498[0.0267]	0.4485[0.0132]
Female	0.4931[0.0055]	0.1515[0.0145]	0.5916[0.0086]	0.4982[0.0057]	0.1001[0.0121]	0.6563[0.0096]	0.4890[0.0073]	0.1372[0.0207]	0.5838[0.0115]	0.5104[0.0126]	0.3502[0.0267]	0.5515[0.0132]
Household characteristics
Lives incapital	0.0968 [0.0154]	0.0459 [0.0086]	0.1115 [0.0182]	0.0926 [0.0052]	0.0650 [0.0067]	0.1035 [0.0058]	0.0908 [0.0064]	0.0392 [0.0101]	0.1047 [0.0081]	0.1403 [0.1208]	0.0493 [0.0471]	0.1636 [0.1371]
Lives in other urban areas	0.3877 [0.0227]	0.3543 [0.0326]	0.3974 [0.0233]	0.1940 [0.0147]	0.2062 [0.0267]	0.1892 [0.0142]	0.4602 [0.0271]	0.4130 [0.0450]	0.4730 [0.0268]	0.2319 [0.0427]	0.2879 [0.0476]	0.2175 [0.0453]
Lives in rural areas	0.5574 [0.0221]	0.6161 [0.0321]	0.5404 [0.0227]	0.7134 [0.0149]	0.7289 [0.0269]	0.7073 [0.0148]	0.5079 [0.0258]	0.5720 [0.0445]	0.4906 [0.0254]	0.6279 [0.0913]	0.6628 [0.0554]	0.6189 [0.1043]
Lives in Tajikistan	0.1734 [0.0084]	0.2201 [0.0168]	0.1599 [0.0082]	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lives in Uzbekistan	0.7113 [0.0165]	0.6747 [0.0222]	0.7218 [0.0183]	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
Lives in Kyrgyzstan	0.1153 [0.0156]	0.1052 [0.0115]	0.1183 [0.0183]	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1
Number of children age<18	2.4944 [0.0641]	2.5309 [0.1091]	2.4839 [0.0609]	3.3796 [0.1104]	3.2119 [0.1175]	3.4462 [0.1142]	2.3663 [0.0821]	2.4004 [0.1575]	2.3571 [0.0747]	1.9535 [0.0946]	1.9429 [0.1151]	1.9563 [0.1040]
Female-headed household	0.0495 [0.0043]	0.0514 [0.0067]	0.0489 [0.0044]	0.1987 [0.0146]	0.1860 [0.0188]	0.2037 [0.0162]	0.0190 [0.0040]	0.0110 [0.0047]	0.0212 [0.0043]	0.0131 [0.0033]	0.0292 [0.0125]	0.0089 [0.0025]
Household consumption: first quintile	0.2297 [0.0156]	0.2777 [0.0199]	0.2158 [0.0162]	0.2180 [0.0175]	0.2277 [0.0212]	0.2142 [0.0191]	0.2342 [0.0211]	0.3106 [0.0286]	0.2136 [0.0218]	0.2191 [0.0216]	0.1707 [0.0280]	0.2315 [0.0227]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.2108 [0.0106]	0.2279 [0.0171]	0.2059 [0.0119]	0.2024 [0.0147]	0.1902 [0.0164]	0.2073 [0.0155]	0.2112 [0.0140]	0.2306 [0.0238]	0.2059 [0.0157]	0.2209 [0.0231]	0.2895 [0.0406]	0.2033 [0.0229]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.1980 [0.0116]	0.1793 [0.0161]	0.2034 [0.0122]	0.2034 [0.0149]	0.2072 [0.0206]	0.2019 [0.0150]	0.1985 [0.0157]	0.1754 [0.0222]	0.2047 [0.0164]	0.1864 [0.0167]	0.1457 [0.0330]	0.1968 [0.0166]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.1819 [0.0107]	0.1490 [0.0150]	0.1914 [0.0113]	0.1940 [0.0130]	0.2095 [0.0213]	0.1878 [0.0127]	0.1797 [0.0144]	0.1283 [0.0206]	0.1936 [0.0151]	0.1770 [0.0192]	0.1547 [0.0342]	0.1827 [0.0187]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.1797 [0.0125]	0.1662 [0.0156]	0.1836 [0.0131]	0.1822 [0.0136]	0.1655 [0.0167]	0.1888 [0.0146]	0.1763 [0.0166]	0.1550 [0.0204]	0.1821 [0.0175]	0.1966 [0.0270]	0.2393 [0.0618]	0.1857 [0.0224]
Household's share of tertiary educated adults age >46	0.2515 [0.0117]	0.2843 [0.0202]	0.2420 [0.0120]	0.1868 [0.0111]	0.2112 [0.0161]	0.1771 [0.0110]	0.2711 [0.0158]	0.3004 [0.0285]	0.2632 [0.0161]	0.2275 [0.0178]	0.3334 [0.0398]	0.2003 [0.0178]
Community's migrant network age >46	0.0660 [0.0045]	0.0861 [0.0073]	0.0602 [0.0040]	0.1018 [0.0079]	0.1123 [0.0093]	0.0976 [0.0077]	0.0598 [0.0057]	0.0795 [0.0100]	0.0545 [0.0050]	0.0504 [0.0102]	0.0741 [0.0217]	0.0443 [0.0082]

Observations	8037	1893	6144	4487	1157	3330	2026	440	1586	1524	296	1228

eISSN:: 2520-1786
Language:: English

Publication timeframe:: Volume Open
Journal Subjects:: Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics

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Migration and Forsaken Schooling in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan

Published Online: Mar 17, 2020

Page range: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0004

Keywords
migration, poverty, inequality, education, skill

© 2020 Ilhom Abdulloev, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Description of variables

Instrumented bivariate probit and two-stage least squares IV regressions on choices of migration and tertiary education

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of migration

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of tertiary education

Ordered probit of the choice of education

Summary statistics

Migration and Forsaken Schooling in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan

Published Online: Mar 17, 2020

Page range: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0004

Keywordsmigration, poverty, inequality, education, skill

© 2020 Ilhom Abdulloev, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Description of variables

Instrumented bivariate probit and two-stage least squares IV regressions on choices of migration and tertiary education

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of migration

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of tertiary education

Ordered probit of the choice of education

Summary statistics

Keywords
migration, poverty, inequality, education, skill