O artykule
Kategoria artykułu: Conceptual Paper
Data publikacji: 30 wrz 2019
Zakres stron: 201 - 211
Otrzymano: 12 maj 2019
Przyjęty: 12 lip 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2019-0018
Słowa kluczowe
© 2019 Jerzy Grabowiecki, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Figure 1
![Trends in the real GDP growth rate in Japan (%).Source:Fukao et al. [2015, p. 15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b50c1a484bac01d7829b52e84034d310f4ddbab55f1086f0a6550b0c9c882d19&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![The ratio of the elderly population in major countries (%).Note: The elderly population (aged 65 or over) divided by the productive population (age 15–64).Source: [UN, DESA].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=054cbaa677b42a7e75b13f4b90855776cfa021da6aa8537127e6d364d2fef8ef&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![“Three-Arrows Strategy.”Source: MUFG [2018, p. 5].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=35957feecaefde38bd70ee197ff5a478f30c8f10295655b24805b46aaa74f146&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![QQE system in Japan.Source: MUFG [2018, p. 7].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=33fbcf2ea9b6c55110623fceec8281a21035d8784a880576f04ab4060f1bcdf4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
![Tankan index for industrial companies.Source: Own elaboration on the basis of [Bank of Japan].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5bd100ffff06479632629e82685efd56bf4cbb7c6bb961a715df28f9b172c9da&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6
![Tankan index for non-industrial companies.Source: Own elaboration on the basis of [Bank of Japan].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a33726bd0e35641913acab8bbcc409c5e5ad62e5adecb698b8aa0edbbb90ab68&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![General government gross debt by country (% of nominal GDP).Source: IMF [2018a].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=223b71564ae0fb6db48a9a1bdbb72cc8e4fc6b7e335e7de952c7a1be3298969b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Projected effects of trade liberalization on real GDP (%).Note: FTAAP denotes free trade area of the Asia-Pacific.Source:MUFG [2018, p. 32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T105533Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=bf265b4c2d86889a6f78ae03811edb43a8718ea14f04a3f938aa8ccbef83a228&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Japan: selected indicators, 2012–2017
2012 | 1.5 | −3.7 | 4.1 | −0.1 | 4.3 |
2013 | 2.0 | −2.2 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 4.0 |
2014 | 0.4 | −2.6 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 3.6 |
2015 | 1.4 | −2.0 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 3.4 |
2016 | 1.0 | −1.8 | 0.6 | −0.1 | 3.1 |
2017 | 1.7 | −0.7 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 2.9 |