À propos de cet article
Catégorie d'article: Conceptual Paper
Publié en ligne: 30 sept. 2019
Pages: 201 - 211
Reçu: 12 mai 2019
Accepté: 12 juil. 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2019-0018
Mots clés
© 2019 Jerzy Grabowiecki, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Figure 1
![Trends in the real GDP growth rate in Japan (%).Source:Fukao et al. [2015, p. 15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=aed75fea6e2c647bc5babee2cefdffa7f67c49e369b153bc4b035ff01259a83a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![The ratio of the elderly population in major countries (%).Note: The elderly population (aged 65 or over) divided by the productive population (age 15–64).Source: [UN, DESA].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=218724e73702f7f5402c4a7cbe2c32fd5730cc54d8b706bde67169afe4f35c67&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![“Three-Arrows Strategy.”Source: MUFG [2018, p. 5].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=448379da08ef460b65e2e73507c15bd44347091bb71cb0dc5dc49761f243c643&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![QQE system in Japan.Source: MUFG [2018, p. 7].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=74ec9942c06f66a2e9308d1b7e4ce3d54f359222e6d81a6ae0b444c1950ae25f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
![Tankan index for industrial companies.Source: Own elaboration on the basis of [Bank of Japan].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2f2acc4f75b5a8663f750a624fa02df973d64b6f04c5e610f6062fab0681fc8b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6
![Tankan index for non-industrial companies.Source: Own elaboration on the basis of [Bank of Japan].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=39d100720e728d52cd180e898bb0a47710257d62267cad763dd6e73a8d571bce&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![General government gross debt by country (% of nominal GDP).Source: IMF [2018a].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a6a0c602887e1c43e4f9cff78ffea51d236380bd7292303bcb74f231e59cb59a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Projected effects of trade liberalization on real GDP (%).Note: FTAAP denotes free trade area of the Asia-Pacific.Source:MUFG [2018, p. 32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f948215d2f6c89db738c/j_ijme-2019-0018_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250930%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250930T110034Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=39447b44a0c061c24cb812454a2a7e7a9ff1708329d73fa856c445b9752d8c75&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Japan: selected indicators, 2012–2017
2012 | 1.5 | −3.7 | 4.1 | −0.1 | 4.3 |
2013 | 2.0 | −2.2 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 4.0 |
2014 | 0.4 | −2.6 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 3.6 |
2015 | 1.4 | −2.0 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 3.4 |
2016 | 1.0 | −1.8 | 0.6 | −0.1 | 3.1 |
2017 | 1.7 | −0.7 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 2.9 |