Foreign ownership and gender differences in pay: causal evidence from a sample of Polish workers
, , oraz | 27 lut 2024
O artykule
Article Category: Research Article
Data publikacji: 27 lut 2024
Zakres stron: 75 - 91
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijcm-2024-0003
Słowa kluczowe
© 2024 Larry W. Taylor et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Characteristics of workers by gender and type of employer
| Variable | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign firms | Domestic firms | Foreign firms | Domestic firms | |||||
| Mean | StdDev | Mean | StdDev | Mean | StdDev | Mean | StdDev | |
| Real total monthly earnings (Zlotys) | 7644.0 | 6626.5 | 5075.8 | 4371.3 | 6223.5 | 5235.2 | 3986.6 | 3067.2 |
| Log (real total monthly earnings) | 8.715 | 0.637 | 8.342 | 0.564 | 8.538 | 0.585 | 8.144 | 0.491 |
| Age (years) | 33.8 | 8.2 | 35.2 | 10.0 | 32.8 | 7.4 | 35.1 | 9.3 |
| Secondary school (%) | 2.3 | 14.9 | 3.3 | 17.8 | 2.4 | 15.4 | 5.0 | 21.8 |
| Post-secondary school/no degree (%) | 18.7 | 39.0 | 24.6 | 43.0 | 11.1 | 31.4 | 15.1 | 35.8 |
| Undergrad degree (%) | 16.9 | 37.5 | 16.0 | 36.7 | 13.9 | 34.6 | 14.1 | 34.8 |
| Incomplete Master’s degree (%) | 3.9 | 19.4 | 3.5 | 18.3 | 3.6 | 18.7 | 2.8 | 16.5 |
| Master’s degree (%) | 24.6 | 43.1 | 22.7 | 41.9 | 51.9 | 50.0 | 48.9 | 50.0 |
| Master’s in engineering (%) | 29.7 | 45.7 | 22.6 | 41.8 | 15.6 | 36.3 | 12.0 | 32.5 |
| Postgraduate training (%) | 15.9 | 36.6 | 14.0 | 34.7 | 25.2 | 43.4 | 23.8 | 42.6 |
| MBA (%) | 2.3 | 14.9 | 1.1 | 10.3 | 1.6 | 12.7 | 0.6 | 7.8 |
| Good or very good knowledge of English (%) | 72.4 | 44.7 | 54.2 | 49.8 | 75.6 | 42.9 | 52.7 | 49.9 |
| Number of other foreign languages known at the good or very good levels |
0.197 | 0.449 | 0.185 | 0.434 | 0.299 | 0.533 | 0.237 | 0.477 |
| Independent job search (%) | 53.7 | 49.9 | 52.9 | 49.9 | 56.1 | 49.6 | 54.6 | 49.8 |
| Job search through employment bureau (%) | 0.9 | 9.6 | 3.2 | 17.5 | 1.4 | 11.7 | 5.5 | 22.9 |
| Internal job recruitment (%) | 22.7 | 41.9 | 28.3 | 45.0 | 21.2 | 40.8 | 26.1 | 43.9 |
| Job promotion (%) | 6.9 | 25.3 | 1.8 | 13.4 | 6.3 | 24.4 | 1.5 | 12.2 |
| Instrumental variables (IV): | ||||||||
| 27.7 | 44.7 | 30.9 | 46.2 | 24.3 | 42.9 | 26.9 | 44.4 | |
| 17.1 | 37.7 | 18.9 | 39.1 | 16.4 | 37.0 | 19.1 | 39.3 | |
| 21.2 | 40.9 | 17.8 | 38.2 | 19.3 | 39.4 | 19.2 | 39.4 | |
| Observations | 118,894 | 208,417 | 74,201 | 174,996 | ||||
(Log) monthly-earning returns to foreign-firm employment
| Specifications | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without industry and department controls | With industry and department controls | Without industry and department controls | With industry and department controls | |
| Panel A: OLS estimation without using the IV variables as controls | ||||
| 0.2315 |
0.2252 |
0.2621 |
0.2315 |
|
| Observations | 279,094 | 279,081 | 192,061 | 192,048 |
| Panel B: OLS estimation with using the IV variables as controls | ||||
| 0.2302 |
0.2231 |
0.2581 |
0.2256 |
|
| Observations | 279,094 | 279,081 | 192,061 | 192,048 |
| Panel C: Traditional 2SLS estimation | ||||
| 0.5398 |
0.7161 |
1.3936 |
1.5407 |
|
| Hausman test | 117.96 |
309.33 |
957.97 |
1,589.47 |
| Observations | 279,094 | 279,081 | 192,061 | 192,048 |
| Panel D: RX-2SLS estimation | ||||
| 0.3557 |
0.1253 |
0.6020 |
0.6534 |
|
| Hausman test | 3.04 |
2.02 | 23.85 |
48.00 |
| Observations | 327,311 | 327,296 | 249,197 | 249,182 |