Comparison of the Pilling Resistance of Linen and Hemp Woven Fabrics
, oraz
28 maj 2025
O artykule
Kategoria artykułu: Research Article
Data publikacji: 28 maj 2025
Zakres stron: 27 - 39
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2025-0003
Słowa kluczowe
© 2025 Eglė Kumpikaitė et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Grade of pilling for finished fabrics before and after enzymatic treatment
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | |
| 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | |
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
| 2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
| 3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
Visual evaluation of the pilling test
| Remains unchanged. | |
| Partially formed or slightly fluffed-up pills | |
| Moderate pilling or pills of various sizes cover a section of the sample’s surface. | |
| Prominent pilling or pills of various sizes cover a significant amount of the sample’s surface. | |
| Extremely noticeable pilling or pills of various sizes encompass the entire sample’s surface. |
Raised hypothesis for pilling resistance
| There is no difference in the average yield for any raw materials. | There is a difference in the average yield by raw materials. |
| There is no difference in the average yield depending on the type of finishing. | There is a difference in the average yield for any type of finishing. |
| The effect of one independent variable on the average yield does not depend on the effect of the other independent variable. | There is an interaction effect between the group of materials and the type of finishing on the average yield. |
Structural parameters of fabrics examined
| Warp | Linen | 28 tex | 220 | 251 | |
| Weft | Linen | 28 tex | 203 | 234 | |
| Warp | Hemp | 28 tex | 220 | 249 | |
| Weft | Hemp | 28 tex | 203 | 237 | |
| Warp | Linen | 28 tex | 220 | 252 | |
| Weft | Hemp | 28 tex | 203 | 235 |
Samples of chemically treated finished fabrics during the pilling resistance test after a specific number of cycles
Samples of unfinished and finished fabrics during the pilling resistance test after a specific number of cycles
Grade of pilling for both unfinished and finished fabrics
| 1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | |
| 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | |
| 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |