Determination of the Worst Case for the Ballistic Test of the Soft Armour System Using the 9mm FMJ Bullets Differing in the Structure

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 4.

Summary of bulletproof test results for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 soft ballistic systems using 9x19 FMJ DM41 ammunition

Ballistic System made of:	Bullet velocity [m/s]	Penetration [CP/PP]	Number of penetrated layers in ballistic system	BFD [mm]
Barrday Barrflex U590	400.7	PP	4	30.0
	400.5	PP	4	28.7
	397.5	PP	4	30.2
	398.6	PP	5	33.3
	400.3	PP	4	28.9
	405.0	PP	4	30.9
	397.4	PP	6	33.4
	401.0	PP	4	31.5
Average	400.1 ± 2.4	-	4.4 ± 0.7	30.9 ± 1.8
Dyneema SB51	400.3	PP	4	28.0
	401.3	PP	4	28.0
	399.4	PP	5	27.9
	399.0	PP	4	27.5
	399.2	PP	4	26.4
	399.4	PP	5	30.8
	397.4	PP	5	28.7
	401.1	PP	5	31.7
Average	399.6 ± 1.3	-	4.5 ± 0.5	28.6 ± 1.8

Summary of bulletproof test results for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 soft ballistic systems using 9 × 19 FMJ WINCHESTER ammunition

Ballistic System made of:	Bullet velocity [m/s]	Penetration [CP/PP]	Number of penetrated layers in ballistic system	BFD [mm]
Barrday Barrflex U590	400.7	PP	4	26.9
	400.5	PP	3	27.3
	397.5	PP	2	26.0
	398.6	PP	2	24.8
	400.3	PP	2	26.0
	405.0	PP	2	28.6
	397.4	PP	2	27.5
	401.0	PP	2	29.4
Average	400.1 ± 2.4	-	2.4 ± 0.7	27.1 ± 1.5
Dyneema SB51	393.2	PP	3	27.1
	400.2	PP	3	26.3
	399.1	PP	2	25.5
	392.2	PP	2	24.5
	396.7	PP	3	24.5
	387.1	PP	3	26.4
	397.6	PP	4	26.1
	399.4	PP	2	27.3
Average	395.7 ± 4.5	-	2.8 ± 0.7	26.0 ± 1.1

BFD and p-BFS values of the deformation of Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 systems after testing using 9 × 19 FMJ DM41 ammunition

Ballistic System made of:	Deformation volume (Vdp) [cm3]		Deformation area (Pdp) [cm2]		BFD [mm]	Vdps/ Vdpw	Pdpe/ Pdps	Pdps/ Vdpw	E [J]
	Semi-phere (Vdps)	Water measurement (Vdpw)	Ellipse (Pdpe)	Stroke (weight method) (Pdps)
Barrday Barrflex U590	58.4	43.0	29.2	30.4	30.0	0.74	0.96	0.71	23.63
	45.3	30.0	23.7	24.2	28.7	0.66	0.98	0.81	16.48
	51.0	40.0	25.3	27.5	30.2	0.78	0.92	0.69	21.98
	57.4	35.0	25.9	27.4	33.3	0.61	0.94	0.78	19.23
	49.0	26.0	25.4	26.0	28.9	0.53	0.98	1.00	14.29
	59.0	37.0	28.7	28.0	30.9	0.63	1.02	0.76	20.33
	77.3	37.0	34.7	31.7	33.4	0.48	1.09	0.86	20.33
	57.3	37.0	27.3	28.8	31.4	0.65	0.95	0.78	20.33
Average	56.8 ± 9.7	35.6 ± 5.4	27.5 ± 3.4	28.00 ± 2.4	30.9 ± 1.8	0.63 ± 0.10	0.98 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.10	19.57 ± 2.97
Dyneema SB51	47.3	38.0	25.3	29.1	28.0	0.80	0.87	0.77	20.88
	53.6	32.0	28.7	26.5	28.0	0.60	1.08	0.83	17.58
	52.4	37.0	28.1	28.5	27.9	0.71	0.99	0.77	20.33
	45.9	30.0	25.0	28.5	27.5	0.65	0.88	0.95	16.48
	42.5	25.0	24.1	22.9	26.4	0.59	1.05	0.92	13.48
	63.7	35.0	31.0	29.6	30.8	0.55	1.05	0.85	19.23
	63.5	33.0	33.2	29.9	28.7	0.52	1.11	0.91	18.13
	61.7	39.0	29.2	28.2	31.7	0.63	1.04	0.72	21.43
Average	53.8 ± 8.4	33.6 ± 4.7	28.1 ± 3.1	27.9 ± 2.3	28.6 ± 1.8	0.63 ± 0.09	1.01 ± 0.09	0.84 ± 0.08	18.48 ± 2.56

Classification of standards in the area of personal ballistic protections

Standard	Evaluation parameter
	BFD (backface deformation)	*V50	P-BFS (profile of deformation)	Vdeformation (volume of deformation
PN-V-87000:2011 „Light ballistic armors - bullet- and fragment-proof vests - requirements and tests”	✓	✗	✗	✗
NIJ Standard 0101.04 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor”	✓	✓	✗	✗
NIJ Standard 0101.06 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor”	✓	✓	✗	✗
VPAM BSW 2006 „Personal Protective Equipment Ballistic Protective Vests - Requirements, Classifications and Testing Methods”	✓	✗	✗	✗
VPAM APR 2006 „General basis for ballistic material, construction and product tests - Requirements, test levels and test procedures”	✓	✓	✓	✓
HOSDB Body „Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 2: Ballistic Resistance”	✓	✓	✓	✗
Gost 34286-2017 „ARMORED CLOTHING. Classification and general Specification”	✓	✗	✗	✗

Summary of standards considering the BFD criterion in a particular test material

Standard	BFD
	Backing material	Maximum permissible depth	Method of assessment
PN-V-87000:2011 „Light ballistic armors - bullet- and fragment-proof vests - requirements and tests”	Plastic material (clay, plasticine). Material plasticity 25.0 ± 3.0 mm	≤ 40 mm	Depth measurement (BFD) ≤ 40 mm for all velocity tested. No statistical tool for the assessment
NIJ Standard 0101.04 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor”	Roma Plastilina No. 1. Material plasticity 20.0 ± 2.0 mm	≤ 44 mm	FAIL/PASS (CP/PP) Criterion. BFD measurement for shot 1 for the required velocity. The remaining BFD shall be recorded for higher velocity at shouting points 2 and 3
NIJ Standard 0101.06 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor”	Roma Plastilina No.1. Material plasticity 19.0 ± 2.0 mm	≤ 44 mm	FAIL/PASS (CP/PP) Criterion. BFD measurement for shots 1, 2 & 3 for the required velocity. Average value for all BFD taking into account the factor k1. YU = Y+k1s Probability that 80 % of the BFD measurements for the sample are ≤ 44 mm at 95 % confidence level YU = Y+k1s
VPAM APR 2006 „General basis for ballistic material, construction and product tests - Requirements, test levels and test procedures”	Plastic material (plasticine). Material plasticity 20.0 ± 2.0 mm	≤ 40-44 mm (depending on the plasticity of the substrate)	Limit of the indentation depth in plasticine is determined by the plasticity of the plasticine 20.0 ± 2.0 mm. The sum of the average value of the plasticine measurement and the constant of 22.0 mm (medical constant), from which the maximum allowable indentation depth is derived.
HOSDB Body „Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 2: Ballistic Resistance”	Roma Plastilina No.1 (unformed armour) Material plasticity 19.0 ± 2.0 mm	≤ 44 mm (single shot BFS limit - handguns) ≤ 25 mm (max. mean BFS – rifle, shotgun)	Depth measurement (BFS) for all velocity values. Assessment of the shape of the deformation (hemispherical/pencilling)
	Plastiline® 40 (formed armour) Material plasticity 7.0 ± 2.0 mm	The BFS is not assessed in formed armour testing	Held or perforated. Assessment of the shape of the deformation (hemispherical/pencilling)
Gost 34286-2017 „Armored clothing. Classification and general Specification”	Plastic material (plasticine)	≤ 17 mm	Depth measurement for handguns only

V50 results for Dyneema® SB51 system using a 9 mm FMJ WINCHESTER projectile

Methodology	V50 [m/s]	D	Number of shots
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2	460.5	30.4	8
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1	460.9	35.1	11
NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit)	459.2	34.5	12
VPAM APR 2006	461.8	Not applicable	24

V50 results for Barrday Barflex U590 system using a 9 mm DM41 projectile

Methodology	V50 [m/s]	D	Number of shots
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2	431.4	24.0	6
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1	436.8	38.2	10
NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit)	437.6	33.0	12
VPAM APR 2006	440.0	Not applicable	16

V50 results for Barrday Barflex U590 system using a 9 mm FMJ WINCHESTER projectile

Methodology	V50 [m/s]	D	Number of shots
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2	450.4	9.6	9
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1	455.8	17.0	23
NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit)	456.1	17.0	24
VPAM APR 2006	456.3	Not applicable	24

V50 results for Dyneema® SB51 system using a 9 mm DM41 projectile

Methodology	V50 [m/s]	D	Number of shots
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2	433.9	22.5	7
NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1	434.7	24.8	11
NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit)	436.5	18.3	12
VPAM APR 2006	438.2	Not applicable	22

BFD and p-BFS values of the deformation for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 systems after testing using 9 × 19 FMJ WINCHESTER ammunition

Ballistic System made of:	Deformation volume (Vdp) [cm3]		Deformation area (Pdp) [cm2]		BFD [mm]	Vdps/ Vdpw	Pdpe/ Pdps	Pdps/ Vdpw	E [J]
	Semi-sphere (Vdps)	Water measurement (Vdpw)	Ellipse (Pdpe)	Stroke (weight method) (Pdps)
Barrday Barrflex U590	56.4	39.0	31.4	31.7	26.9	0.69	0.99	0.81	21.43
	43.0	28.0	23.6	23.9	27.3	0.65	0.99	0.85	15.38
	49.7	38.0	28.7	27.9	26.0	0.77	1.03	0.73	20.88
	33.7	28.0	20.4	20.1	24.8	0.83	1.01	0.72	15.38
	36.0	25.0	20.8	20.7	26.0	0.69	1.01	0.83	13.74
	60.3	39.0	31.7	26.9	28.6	0.65	1.18	0.69	21.43
	58.1	39.0	31.7	28.8	27.5	0.67	1.10	0.74	21.43
	62.1	37.0	31.7	27.1	29.4	0.60	1.17	0.73	20.33
Average	49.9 ± 11.1	34.1 ± 6.0	27.5 ± 5.1	25.9 ± 4.0	27.1 ± 1.5	0.69 ± 0.07	1.06 ± 0.08	0.76 ± 0.06	18.75 ± 3.30
Dyneema SB51	46.0	31.0	25.4	25.5	27.1	0.67	1.00	0.82	17.03
	47.9	34.0	27.3	26.8	26.3	0.71	1.02	0.79	18.68
	51.9	34.0	30.5	28.1	25.5	0.66	1.09	0.83	18.68
	43.0	28.0	26.4	24.6	24.5	0.65	1.07	0.88	15.38
	35.3	25.0	21.6	21.1	24.5	0.71	1.02	0.84	13.74
	48.1	33.0	27.3	25.3	26.4	0.69	1.08	0.77	18.13
	46.8	32.0	26.9	25.7	26.1	0.68	1.05	0.80	17.58
	50.5	33.0	27.8	25.1	27.3	0.65	1.11	0.76	18.13
Average	46.2 ± 5.2	31.3 ± 3.2	26.6 ± 2.5	25.3 ± 2.0	26.0 ± 1.1	0.68 ± 0.02	1.05 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.04	17.17 ± 1.76