Determination of the Worst Case for the Ballistic Test of the Soft Armour System Using the 9mm FMJ Bullets Differing in the Structure
, , e | 15 dic 2023
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 15 dic 2023
Pagine: 63 - 72
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0056
Parole chiave
© 2023 Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Summary of bulletproof test results for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 soft ballistic systems using 9x19 FMJ DM41 ammunition
| Ballistic System made of: | Bullet velocity [m/s] | Penetration [CP/PP] | Number of penetrated layers in ballistic system | BFD [mm] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrday Barrflex U590 | 400.7 | PP | 4 | 30.0 |
| 400.5 | PP | 4 | 28.7 | |
| 397.5 | PP | 4 | 30.2 | |
| 398.6 | PP | 5 | 33.3 | |
| 400.3 | PP | 4 | 28.9 | |
| 405.0 | PP | 4 | 30.9 | |
| 397.4 | PP | 6 | 33.4 | |
| 401.0 | PP | 4 | 31.5 | |
| Average | 400.1 ± 2.4 | - | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 30.9 ± 1.8 |
| Dyneema SB51 | 400.3 | PP | 4 | 28.0 |
| 401.3 | PP | 4 | 28.0 | |
| 399.4 | PP | 5 | 27.9 | |
| 399.0 | PP | 4 | 27.5 | |
| 399.2 | PP | 4 | 26.4 | |
| 399.4 | PP | 5 | 30.8 | |
| 397.4 | PP | 5 | 28.7 | |
| 401.1 | PP | 5 | 31.7 | |
| Average | 399.6 ± 1.3 | - | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 28.6 ± 1.8 |
Summary of bulletproof test results for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 soft ballistic systems using 9 × 19 FMJ WINCHESTER ammunition
| Ballistic System made of: | Bullet velocity [m/s] | Penetration [CP/PP] | Number of penetrated layers in ballistic system | BFD [mm] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrday Barrflex U590 | 400.7 | PP | 26.9 | |
| 400.5 | PP | 27.3 | ||
| 397.5 | PP | 26.0 | ||
| 398.6 | PP | 24.8 | ||
| 400.3 | PP | 26.0 | ||
| 405.0 | PP | 28.6 | ||
| 397.4 | PP | 27.5 | ||
| 401.0 | PP | 29.4 | ||
| Average | 400.1 ± 2.4 | - | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 27.1 ± 1.5 |
| Dyneema SB51 | 393.2 | PP | 3 | 27.1 |
| 400.2 | PP | 3 | 26.3 | |
| 399.1 | PP | 2 | 25.5 | |
| 392.2 | PP | 2 | 24.5 | |
| 396.7 | PP | 3 | 24.5 | |
| 387.1 | PP | 3 | 26.4 | |
| 397.6 | PP | 4 | 26.1 | |
| 399.4 | PP | 2 | 27.3 | |
| Average | 395.7 ± 4.5 | - | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 1.1 |
BFD and p-BFS values of the deformation of Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 systems after testing using 9 × 19 FMJ DM41 ammunition
| Ballistic System made of: | Deformation volume (Vdp) [cm3] | Deformation area (Pdp) [cm2] | BFD [mm] | Vdps/ Vdpw | Pdpe/ Pdps | Pdps/ Vdpw | E [J] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semi-phere (Vdps) | Water measurement (Vdpw) | Ellipse (Pdpe) | Stroke (weight method) (Pdps) | ||||||
| Barrday Barrflex U590 | 58.4 | 43.0 | 29.2 | 30.4 | 30.0 | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.71 | 23.63 |
| 45.3 | 30.0 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 28.7 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 16.48 | |
| 51.0 | 40.0 | 25.3 | 27.5 | 30.2 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 0.69 | 21.98 | |
| 57.4 | 35.0 | 25.9 | 27.4 | 33.3 | 0.61 | 0.94 | 0.78 | 19.23 | |
| 49.0 | 26.0 | 25.4 | 26.0 | 28.9 | 0.53 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 14.29 | |
| 59.0 | 37.0 | 28.7 | 28.0 | 30.9 | 0.63 | 1.02 | 0.76 | 20.33 | |
| 77.3 | 37.0 | 34.7 | 31.7 | 33.4 | 0.48 | 1.09 | 0.86 | 20.33 | |
| 57.3 | 37.0 | 27.3 | 28.8 | 31.4 | 0.65 | 0.95 | 0.78 | 20.33 | |
| Average | 56.8 ± 9.7 | 35.6 ± 5.4 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 28.00 ± 2.4 | 30.9 ± 1.8 | 0.63 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.10 | 19.57 ± 2.97 |
| Dyneema SB51 | 47.3 | 38.0 | 25.3 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 20.88 |
| 53.6 | 32.0 | 28.7 | 26.5 | 28.0 | 0.60 | 1.08 | 0.83 | 17.58 | |
| 52.4 | 37.0 | 28.1 | 28.5 | 27.9 | 0.71 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 20.33 | |
| 45.9 | 30.0 | 25.0 | 28.5 | 27.5 | 0.65 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 16.48 | |
| 42.5 | 25.0 | 24.1 | 22.9 | 26.4 | 0.59 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 13.48 | |
| 63.7 | 35.0 | 31.0 | 29.6 | 30.8 | 0.55 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 19.23 | |
| 63.5 | 33.0 | 33.2 | 29.9 | 28.7 | 0.52 | 1.11 | 0.91 | 18.13 | |
| 61.7 | 39.0 | 29.2 | 28.2 | 31.7 | 0.63 | 1.04 | 0.72 | 21.43 | |
| Average | 53.8 ± 8.4 | 33.6 ± 4.7 | 28.1 ± 3.1 | 27.9 ± 2.3 | 28.6 ± 1.8 | 0.63 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 18.48 ± 2.56 |
Classification of standards in the area of personal ballistic protections
| Standard | Evaluation parameter | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFD (backface deformation) | *V50 | P-BFS (profile of deformation) | Vdeformation (volume of deformation | |
| PN-V-87000:2011 „Light ballistic armors - bullet- and fragment-proof vests - requirements and tests” | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor” | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| NIJ Standard 0101.06 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor” | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| VPAM BSW 2006 „Personal Protective Equipment Ballistic Protective Vests - Requirements, Classifications and Testing Methods” | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| VPAM APR 2006 „General basis for ballistic material, construction and product tests - Requirements, test levels and test procedures” | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| HOSDB Body „Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 2: Ballistic Resistance” | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Gost 34286-2017 „ARMORED CLOTHING. Classification and general Specification” | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Summary of standards considering the BFD criterion in a particular test material
| Standard | BFD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| PN-V-87000:2011 „Light ballistic armors - bullet- and fragment-proof vests - requirements and tests” | Plastic material (clay, plasticine). Material plasticity 25.0 ± 3.0 mm | ≤ 40 mm | Depth measurement (BFD) ≤ 40 mm for all velocity tested. No statistical tool for the assessment |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor” | Roma Plastilina No. 1. Material plasticity 20.0 ± 2.0 mm | ≤ 44 mm | FAIL/PASS (CP/PP) Criterion. BFD measurement for shot 1 for the required velocity. The remaining BFD shall be recorded for higher velocity at shouting points 2 and 3 |
| NIJ Standard 0101.06 „Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor” | Roma Plastilina No.1. Material plasticity 19.0 ± 2.0 mm | ≤ 44 mm | FAIL/PASS (CP/PP) Criterion. BFD measurement for shots 1, 2 & 3 for the required velocity. Average value for all BFD taking into account the factor k1. |
| VPAM APR 2006 „General basis for ballistic material, construction and product tests - Requirements, test levels and test procedures” | Plastic material (plasticine). Material plasticity 20.0 ± 2.0 mm | ≤ 40-44 mm (depending on the plasticity of the substrate) | Limit of the indentation depth in plasticine is determined by the plasticity of the plasticine 20.0 ± 2.0 mm. The sum of the average value of the plasticine measurement and the constant of 22.0 mm (medical constant), from which the maximum allowable indentation depth is derived. |
| HOSDB Body „Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 2: Ballistic Resistance” | Roma Plastilina No.1 (unformed armour) Material plasticity 19.0 ± 2.0 mm | ≤ 44 mm (single shot BFS limit - handguns) ≤ 25 mm (max. mean BFS – rifle, shotgun) | Depth measurement (BFS) for all velocity values. Assessment of the shape of the deformation (hemispherical/pencilling) |
| Plastiline® 40 (formed armour) Material plasticity 7.0 ± 2.0 mm | The BFS is not assessed in formed armour testing | Held or perforated. Assessment of the shape of the deformation (hemispherical/pencilling) | |
| Gost 34286-2017 „Armored clothing. Classification and general Specification” | Plastic material (plasticine) | ≤ 17 mm | Depth measurement for handguns only |
V50 results for Dyneema® SB51 system using a 9 mm FMJ WINCHESTER projectile
| Methodology | V50 [m/s] | D | Number of shots |
|---|---|---|---|
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2 | 460.5 | 30.4 | 8 |
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1 | 460.9 | 35.1 | 11 |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit) | 459.2 | 34.5 | 12 |
| VPAM APR 2006 | 461.8 | Not applicable | 24 |
V50 results for Barrday Barflex U590 system using a 9 mm DM41 projectile
| Methodology | V50 [m/s] | D | Number of shots |
|---|---|---|---|
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2 | 431.4 | 24.0 | 6 |
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1 | 436.8 | 38.2 | 10 |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit) | 437.6 | 33.0 | 12 |
| VPAM APR 2006 | 440.0 | Not applicable | 16 |
V50 results for Barrday Barflex U590 system using a 9 mm FMJ WINCHESTER projectile
| Methodology | V50 [m/s] | D | Number of shots |
|---|---|---|---|
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2 | 450.4 | 9.6 | 9 |
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1 | 455.8 | 17.0 | 23 |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit) | 456.1 | 17.0 | 24 |
| VPAM APR 2006 | 456.3 | Not applicable | 24 |
V50 results for Dyneema® SB51 system using a 9 mm DM41 projectile
| Methodology | V50 [m/s] | D | Number of shots |
|---|---|---|---|
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.2 | 433.9 | 22.5 | 7 |
| NATO STANAG 2920 Ed.3 – AEP 2920 Edition A, Version 1 | 434.7 | 24.8 | 11 |
| NIJ Standard 0101.04 (Ballistic Limit) | 436.5 | 18.3 | 12 |
| VPAM APR 2006 | 438.2 | Not applicable | 22 |
BFD and p-BFS values of the deformation for Dyneema SB51 and Barrday Barrflex U590 systems after testing using 9 × 19 FMJ WINCHESTER ammunition
| Ballistic System made of: | Deformation volume (Vdp) [cm3] | Deformation area (Pdp) [cm2] | BFD [mm] | Vdps/ Vdpw | Pdpe/ Pdps | Pdps/ Vdpw | E [J] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semi-sphere (Vdps) | Water measurement (Vdpw) | Ellipse (Pdpe) | Stroke (weight method) (Pdps) | ||||||
| Barrday Barrflex U590 | 56.4 | 39.0 | 31.4 | 31.7 | 26.9 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 21.43 |
| 43.0 | 28.0 | 23.6 | 23.9 | 27.3 | 0.65 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 15.38 | |
| 49.7 | 38.0 | 28.7 | 27.9 | 26.0 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 20.88 | |
| 33.7 | 28.0 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 24.8 | 0.83 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 15.38 | |
| 36.0 | 25.0 | 20.8 | 20.7 | 26.0 | 0.69 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 13.74 | |
| 60.3 | 39.0 | 31.7 | 26.9 | 28.6 | 0.65 | 1.18 | 0.69 | 21.43 | |
| 58.1 | 39.0 | 31.7 | 28.8 | 27.5 | 0.67 | 1.10 | 0.74 | 21.43 | |
| 62.1 | 37.0 | 31.7 | 27.1 | 29.4 | 0.60 | 1.17 | 0.73 | 20.33 | |
| Average | 49.9 ± 11.1 | 34.1 ± 6.0 | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 1.5 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 1.06 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.06 | 18.75 ± 3.30 |
| Dyneema SB51 | 46.0 | 31.0 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 27.1 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 17.03 |
| 47.9 | 34.0 | 27.3 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 0.71 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 18.68 | |
| 51.9 | 34.0 | 30.5 | 28.1 | 25.5 | 0.66 | 1.09 | 0.83 | 18.68 | |
| 43.0 | 28.0 | 26.4 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 0.65 | 1.07 | 0.88 | 15.38 | |
| 35.3 | 25.0 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 24.5 | 0.71 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 13.74 | |
| 48.1 | 33.0 | 27.3 | 25.3 | 26.4 | 0.69 | 1.08 | 0.77 | 18.13 | |
| 46.8 | 32.0 | 26.9 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 0.68 | 1.05 | 0.80 | 17.58 | |
| 50.5 | 33.0 | 27.8 | 25.1 | 27.3 | 0.65 | 1.11 | 0.76 | 18.13 | |
| Average | 46.2 ± 5.2 | 31.3 ± 3.2 | 26.6 ± 2.5 | 25.3 ± 2.0 | 26.0 ± 1.1 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 17.17 ± 1.76 |