Anthes & Lee (2002, p. 80) |
… significant life-changing events that can throw people into sometimes traumatic states of transition. |
Bard & Ellison (1974, p. 2) |
… subjective reaction to a stressful life experience, one so affecting the individual that the ability to cope or function may be seriously compromised. |
Dykeman (2005, p. 45) |
A crisis represents an unanticipated event during which coping mechanisms are temporarily compromised and adaptive living is jeopardized. |
Enander (2010, p. 15) |
Crises mean a decisive turning point or radical change of the prevailing order. In our linguistic usage, the term crisis is used to refer to negative, decisive turning points. |
Fiksenbaum et al. (2017, p. 128) |
Financial threat is defined as fearful-anxious uncertainty regarding one’s current and future financial situation. |
Fink (1986, p. 15) |
A crisis is an unstable time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending—either one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome or one with the distinct possibility of a highly desirable and extremely positive outcome. |
Gilbert & Lauren (1980, p. 642) |
(Crises) occur suddenly, demand quick decisions by leaders under intense pressure, threaten vital interests, and raise enormous uncertainties about war and peace. |
Heo et al. (2020, p. 4) |
Financial stress is a psychophysiological response to the cognition of imbalance, uncertainty, and risk in the realm of financial resource management decision-making. |
Hermann et al. (1978, p. 1-2) |
… a crisis is a situation that poses a major threat to one or more goals or other values of the group experiencing the crisis …. In addition to threat, a crisis is characterised by shortness in the perceived time available for decision. |
James & Gilliland (2005, p. 3) |
… a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms. |
Keown-McMullan (1997, p. 4) |
… for a situation to develop into a crisis three elements must be present: a triggering event causing significant change or having the potential to cause significant change; the perceived inability to cope with this change: and a threat to the existence of the foundation of the organization. |
Kimenyi & Mwabu (2007, p. 11) |
A crisis is characterized by an unfavourable state of instability or disequilibrium, i.e., by a large negative deviation from the normal state of affairs. The instability can occur gradually, as when a country slips into deep poverty due to decades of economic mismanagement; or it can occur suddenly, as when for example, a country is hit by a negative external trade shock (e.g.. a fall in the price of a major export good) or by a natural disaster such as bad weather or earthquake. |
Roberts (2005, p. 12) |
A crisis can be defined as a period of psychological disequilibrium, experienced as a result of a hazardous event or situation that constitutes a significant problem that cannot be remedied by using familiar coping strategies. |