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The Value of Financial Advice in a Crisis: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review


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Literature relevant to financial advice seeking and giving during a crisis

Author(s) Key constructs, themes and frameworks
Crisis response and intervention
Bandura (1988) AnxietySubjective distressPerceived coping self-efficacy
Enander (2010); Folkman & Lazarus (1980) Emotion-focused copingProblem-focused coping
Roberts (2005) Assess mental health statusEstablish rapport and engage the clientIdentify major problemsDeal with feelingsExplore alternative coping methods and solutionsDevelop an action planDevelop a follow-up protocol
Advice seeking and giving
Andreason & Ratchford (1976);Godek & Murray (2007) Rational information processingExperiential information processingDecision-specific knowledge
Grable & Joo (1999) Demographic and socioeconomic factorsFinancial knowledge, stressors, risk tolerance and behavioursEvaluation of consequencesHelp seeking decision
Lee (1997); Tyre (1992) Feedback seekingInformation seekingHelp seeking
Srinivas (2000) TransactionalInformationalAdvisory
Bonaccio & Dalal (2006);Schrah et al. (2006) Information acquisition(descriptive, perceived as factual)Adviser recommendation(subjective expertise, source credibility)
Professionalism and use of experts
Balafoutas & Kerschbamer (2020);Darby & Kami (1973) Credence goodsInformation acquisition and asymmetriesPro-social and unethical seller motivationsDiagnostic effort
Grundmann (2017) Relational expertiseKnowledge production and applicationDecision-making

Crisis definitions

Literature source Crisis definition
Anthes & Lee (2002, p. 80) … significant life-changing events that can throw people into sometimes traumatic states of transition.
Bard & Ellison (1974, p. 2) … subjective reaction to a stressful life experience, one so affecting the individual that the ability to cope or function may be seriously compromised.
Dykeman (2005, p. 45) A crisis represents an unanticipated event during which coping mechanisms are temporarily compromised and adaptive living is jeopardized.
Enander (2010, p. 15) Crises mean a decisive turning point or radical change of the prevailing order. In our linguistic usage, the term crisis is used to refer to negative, decisive turning points.
Fiksenbaum et al. (2017, p. 128) Financial threat is defined as fearful-anxious uncertainty regarding one’s current and future financial situation.
Fink (1986, p. 15) A crisis is an unstable time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending—either one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome or one with the distinct possibility of a highly desirable and extremely positive outcome.
Gilbert & Lauren (1980, p. 642) (Crises) occur suddenly, demand quick decisions by leaders under intense pressure, threaten vital interests, and raise enormous uncertainties about war and peace.
Heo et al. (2020, p. 4) Financial stress is a psychophysiological response to the cognition of imbalance, uncertainty, and risk in the realm of financial resource management decision-making.
Hermann et al. (1978, p. 1-2) … a crisis is a situation that poses a major threat to one or more goals or other values of the group experiencing the crisis …. In addition to threat, a crisis is characterised by shortness in the perceived time available for decision.
James & Gilliland (2005, p. 3) … a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms.
Keown-McMullan (1997, p. 4) … for a situation to develop into a crisis three elements must be present: a triggering event causing significant change or having the potential to cause significant change; the perceived inability to cope with this change: and a threat to the existence of the foundation of the organization.
Kimenyi & Mwabu (2007, p. 11) A crisis is characterized by an unfavourable state of instability or disequilibrium, i.e., by a large negative deviation from the normal state of affairs. The instability can occur gradually, as when a country slips into deep poverty due to decades of economic mismanagement; or it can occur suddenly, as when for example, a country is hit by a negative external trade shock (e.g.. a fall in the price of a major export good) or by a natural disaster such as bad weather or earthquake.
Roberts (2005, p. 12) A crisis can be defined as a period of psychological disequilibrium, experienced as a result of a hazardous event or situation that constitutes a significant problem that cannot be remedied by using familiar coping strategies.
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