Items | Fixed-effect model | Random-effect model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMD | 95% CI | SMD | 95% CI | |||
Skill score | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.15) | 86 | 1.06 | (0.76, 1.35) | 86 |
Learning interest | 0.92 | (0.79, 1.06) | 88 | 0.90 | (0.50, 1.30) | 88 |
Ability to judge and innovative thinking | 1.00 | (0.76, 1.24) | 92 | 1.22 | (0.36, 2.09) | 92 |
Abilities of understanding and perception | 0.58 | (0.34, 0.83) | 0 | 0.58 | (0.34, 0.83) | 0 |
Teaching satisfaction | 1.26 | (1.12, 1.39) | 88 | 1.29 | (0.88, 1.70) | 88 |
Ability to analyze and solve problems | 0.74 | (0.55, 0.93) | 88 | 0.85 | (0.28, 1.41) | 88 |
Characteristics | Pooled Cohen's d (95% CI) | Heterogeneity test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ||||||
Female | 3 | 1.08 (0.81,1.34) | 0 | 0.931 | 0.10 | |
Mixed | 7 | 1.24 (1.09,1.38) | 0 | 0.877 | 0.44 | |
No report | 5 | 0.72 (0.54,0.91) | 0.06 | 0.546 | 0.78 | |
0 | ||||||
Secondary vocational school education | 3 | 1.35 (1.08,1.63) | 0.04 | 0.672 | 0.57 | |
Junior college | 8 | 1.06 (0.93,1.19) | 0 | 0.908 | 0.21 | |
Undergraduate | 4 | 0.80 (0.57,1.03) | 0 | 0.775 | 0.84 | |
0 | ||||||
Fundamentals of nursing | 4 | 1.38 (1.20,1.56) | 0.18 | 0.380 | 0.27 | |
Surgical nursing | 3 | 0.82 (0.56,1.07) | 0 | 0.939 | 0.93 | |
Medical nursing | 4 | 0.57 (0.36,0.78) | 0.52 | 0 | 0.23 | |
Other | 4 | 1.27 (1.05,1.49) | 0 | 0.871 | - | |
0 | ||||||
≤1 month | 2 | 1.54 (1.31,1.76) | 0 | 0.866 | 0.78 | |
1–4 months | 5 | 0.54 (0.35,0.73) | 0.63 | 0 | 0.14 | |
>4 months | 3 | 0.96 (0.69,1.24) | 0 | 0.801 | 0.69 | |
No report | 5 | 1.26 (1.08,1.45) | 0 | 0.879 | 0.01 | |
0 | ||||||
South | 11 | 0.96 (0.82,1.10) | 0 | 0.847 | 0.43 | |
North | 4 | 1.18 (1.02,1.35) | 0 | 0.914 | 0.57 |
Included study | Design | T (N) | C (N) | Gender | Educational background | Duration of intervention | Subject | Area | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mao et al. | RCT | 40 | 40 | Female | Secondary vocational school education | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(2) |
Shen and Zhu | RCT | 50 | 50 | Mixed | Secondary vocational school education | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(2) |
Zhou | RCT | 35 | 35 | No report | Secondary vocational school education | 17 months | Mixed nursing | South | (1)(2) |
Li et al. | RCT | 54 | 52 | No report | Junior college | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(3) |
Zhou and Shi | RCT | 52 | 55 | Female | Junior college | No report | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(3)(6) |
Chen | RCT | 30 | 30 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 11 months | Emergency nursing | South | (1)(4) |
Yi | RCT | 54 | 52 | No report | Junior college | 8 months | Mixed nursing | South | (1)(2) |
Tian | RCT | 56 | 55 | No report | Junior college | 4 months | Medical nursing | North | (1)(2)(3)(4) |
Yi | RCT | 80 | 80 | Mixed | Junior college | No report | Nursing Aesthetics | North | (1)(2) |
Li | RCT | 156 | 151 | Mixed | Junior college | 2 weeks | Fundamentals of nursing | North | (1)(2)(3) |
Zhang et al. | RCT | 42 | 42 | Female | Junior college | 4 weeks | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(2)(3)(4) |
Du | RCT | 45 | 45 | Mixed | Junior college | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | South | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
Li and Zhang | RCT | 50 | 50 | No report | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | South | (1)(4)(6) |
Yang and Zhang | RCT | 40 | 40 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
Zhang | RCT | 50 | 50 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | North | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
Included study | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | Outcome assessment | ||||||
Mao et al. | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Shen and Zhu | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Zhou | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Li et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Zhou and Shi | Yes (lottery) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Chen | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Yi | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Tian | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Yi | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Li | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Zhang et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Du | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Li and Zhang | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Yang and Zhang | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Zhang | Yes (block randomization) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
Students’ feedback | Number of included studies | ES (95% CI) | I2 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Learning interest | 8 | 0.93 (0.79–1.06) | 88.40 | 0.652 |
Ability to judge and innovative thinking | 4 | 1.01 (0.77–1.25) | 92.20 | 0.122 |
Ability to understand and perceive | 3 | 0.59 (0.34–0.83) | 0.00 | 0.306 |
Ability to think and analyze problems | 5 | 0.75 (0.55–0.94) | 88.40 | 0.079 |
Teaching satisfaction | 8 | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | 88.30 | 0.813 |