Species | Vitamin C |
---|---|
0.0 |
|
4.4 fi | |
3.3 gi | |
4.0 gi | |
5.5 di | |
16.4 bc | |
6.7 ch | |
7.9 bg | |
2.8 hi | |
5.9 di | |
2.6 i | |
11.3 be | |
44.9 a | |
3.8 gi | |
4.0 gi | |
12.3 bd | |
7.2 bg | |
4.0 gi | |
11.0 bf | |
3.5 gi | |
15.5 bc | |
4.6 ei | |
0.0 |
|
11.8 bd | |
7.2 bg | |
17.7 b |
Species | Botanical family | Vegetation community | Reference of flower use |
Flower sampling |
Soil type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | Medicinal | Month | Longitude | Latitude | |||||
Amaryllidaceae | Woodlands | April | 7.878 | 45.490 | Eutrudept (S) | ||||
Asteraceae | Nutrient rich grasslands | March | 7.592 | 45.065 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Asteraceae | Ruderal communities | May | 7.896 | 45.475 | Eutrudept (S) | ||||
Asteraceae | Ruderal communities | June | 7.843 | 45.192 | Dystrudept (S) | ||||
Caryophyllaceae | Dry grasslands | - | June | 7.219 | 45.301 | Udifluvent (S) | |||
Caryophyllaceae | Nutrient poor grasslands | - | - | July | 7.122 | 44.391 | Eutrocryept (C) | ||
Liliaceae | Woodlands | - | - | March | 7.371 | 45.157 | Dystrudept (C) | ||
Geraniaceae | Edges | - | - | June | 7.186 | 45.300 | Dystrudept (S) | ||
Lamiaceae | Dry grasslands | June |
- |
- |
- |
||||
Asteraceae | Nutrient rich grasslands | April | 7.592 | 45.065 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Lamiaceae | Wetlands | September | 7.485 | 45.120 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Paeoniaceae | Edges | - | April | 7.344 | 45.097 | Udorthent (S) | |||
Primulaceae | Woodlands | May | 6.802 | 44.968 | Eutrudept (C) | ||||
Primulaceae | Woodlands | March | 7.379 | 45.145 | Dystrudept (C) | ||||
Fabaceae | Woodlands | May | 7.593 | 45.065 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Rosaceae | Shrublands | May | 7.677 | 45.715 | Udorthent (S) | ||||
Rosaceae | Woodlands | - | - | June | 7.192 | 45.301 | Dystrudept (S) | ||
Lamiaceae | Dry grasslands | May | 7.603 | 45.036 | Udifluvent (S) | ||||
Adoxaceae | Shrublands | May | 7.593 | 45.064 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Asteraceae | Nutrient rich grasslands | March | 7.593 | 45.064 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Fabaceae | Nutrient poor grasslands | July | 7.122 | 44.390 | Eutrocryept (C) | ||||
Violaceae | Ruderal communities | March | 7.591 | 45.065 | Hapludalf (S) | ||||
Boraginaceae | Cultivated | May | - |
- |
- |
||||
Asteraceae | Cultivated | May | - |
- |
|||||
Asteraceae | Cultivated | July | - |
- |
|||||
Tropaeolaceae | Cultivated | May | - |
- |
Species | Flavonols | Flavanols | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperoside | Isoquercitrin | Quercetin | Quercitrin | Rutin | Catechin | Epicatechin | |
38.7 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.9 c | 19.7 b | 0.0 |
20.8 g | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.4 d | 421.0 a | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.9 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
65.2 c | |
23.5 bc | 16.1 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
13.7 b | 19.1 bc | 533.3 a | |
262.4 a | 163.6 b | 0.0 |
8.0 c | 17.8 b | 0.0 |
0.1 h | |
0.0 |
2,072.0 a | 0.0 |
163.6 c | 34.1 b | 11.7 c | 26.3 dg | |
9.0 cd | 0.0 |
0.0 |
108.5 c | 0.5 c | 0.4 d | 29.9 cg | |
0.6 e | 12.5 c | 189.0 a | 34.5 c | 17.1 b | 20.7 bc | 37.7 cg | |
17.3 bd | 0.0 |
207.3 a | 0.0 |
0.0 |
375.6 a | 306.6 ab | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
328.1 a | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 h | |
0.0 |
12.0 c | 227.2 a | 0.0 |
16.8 b | 24.0 bc | 59.2 cd | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
216.3 a | 16.4 c | 0.0 |
28.6 b | 30.7 cg | |
14.7 bd | 10.8 c | 0.0 |
82.3 c | 18.1 b | 0.4 d | 52.0 ce | |
9.4 cd | 100.1 b | 0.0 |
109.6 c | 107.7 a | 0.0 |
23.9 eg | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
547.3 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
22.0 fg | |
38.5 b | 130.2 b | 205.7 a | 35.9 c | 0.0 |
26.0 b | 158.1 b | |
15.3 bd | 184.5 b | 0.0 |
1,353.4 a | 12.9 b | 0.4 d | 388.4 b | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
25.0 eg | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
23.4 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
48.3 cf | |
0.6 e | 0.0 |
0.7 b | 0.0 |
0.5 c | 0.0 |
0.1 h | |
7.4 d | 7.9 c | 0.0 |
13.5 c | 0.5 c | 0.0 |
0.1 h | |
16.3 bd | 15.7 c | 0.0 |
10.8 c | 14.4 b | 0.0 |
21.9 fg | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.7 c | 0.0 |
0.4 d | 0.1 h | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 c | 0.0 |
29.3 cg | |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
619.6 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
49.1 cf |
Class of compounds | Mobile phase | Elution conditions | Wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
Cinnamic acids and flavonols | A: 10 mM KH2PO4/H3PO4, pH = 2.8 |
5%B to 21%B in 17 min + 21%B in 3 min (2 min conditioning time); flow: 1.5 mL min−1 | 330 |
Benzoic acids and flavanols | A: H2O/CH3OH/HCOOH |
3%B to 85%B in 22 min + 85%B in 1 min (2 min conditioning time); flow: 0.6 mL min−1 | 280 |
Vitamin C | A: 5 mM C16H33N(CH3)3Br/50 mM |
Isocratic, ratio of phase A and B: 95:5 in 10 min (5 min conditioning time); flow: 0.9 mL min−1 | 261, 348 |
Species | Dry matter (%) | TPC (mg GAE · 100 g−1) | Antioxidant activity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FRAP (mmol Fe2+ · kg−1) | DPPH (mmol TE · g−1) | ABTS (mmol TE · g−1) | |||
10.2 jk | 184.4 k | 4.2 j | 7.6 kl | 0.7 m | |
16.9 ef | 396.3 gi | 81.6 cf | 24.3 i | 13.4 hj | |
26.4 b | 378.5 hi | 68.3 df | 23.6 i | 17.8 fh | |
17.3 ef | 618.4 df | 138.4 ad | 69.2 f | 26.9 d | |
27.8 ab | 936.3 bd | 222.2 ab | 81.1 ef | 33.6 c | |
21.2 cd | 752.8 ce | 176.1 ac | 106.5 c | 24.3 de | |
15.1 fh | 364.3 hi | 53.5 eg | 20.4 ik | 14.4 hj | |
12.8 i | 1,267.8 ab | 267.0 ab | 152.9 b | 55.2 a | |
31.2 a | 396.0 gi | 89.5 ce | 14.8 il | 14.0 hj | |
17.0 ef | 448.8 fi | 44.3 eh | 20.9 ik | 10.8 ij | |
22.3 c | 1,061.7 bc | 256.0 ab | 86.7 de | 42.5 b | |
13.9 gi | 1,930.5 a | 303.8 a | 226.2 a | 55.3 a | |
18.8 de | 1,044.9 bc | 230.1 ab | 97.1 cd | 38.5 bc | |
9.8 jk | 602.9 dg | 127.4 bd | 41.7 gh | 21.5 df | |
12.9 i | 203.8 jk | 15.7 i | 4.5 l | 2.4 m | |
16.7 ef | 1,396.6 ab | 257.5 ab | 146.2 b | 55.6 a | |
21.6 cd | 1,773.7 a | 253.8 ab | 154.3 b | 55.7 a | |
17.7 ef | 314.7 ij | 38.9 fh | 8.9 jl | 9.0 jl | |
16.8 ef | 508.7 eh | 78.8 cf | 28.5 hi | 18.3 fh | |
16.5 ef | 159.4 k | 13.0 i | 7.7 kl | 3.3 lm | |
10.0 jk | 464.6 fi | 91.5 ce | 50.3 gh | 20.3 eg | |
13.0 hi | 428.4 fi | 66.1 dg | 22.6 ij | 15.6 gi | |
15.3 fg | 163.4 k | 29.7 gi | 22.8 i | 3.7 km | |
13.7 gi | 189.6 k | 22.6 hi | 3.6 l | 9.2 jk | |
10.7 j | 470.8 fi | 143.9 ad | 44.1 gh | 23.0 df | |
8.9 k | 355.8 hi | 45.3 eh | 14.8 il | 12.8 hj | |
Species | Benzoic acids | Cinnamic acids | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ellagic acid | Gallic acid | Caffeic acid | Chlorogenic acid | Coumaric acid | Ferulic acid | |
15.2 h | 0.1 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 c | 357.3 a | |
212.9 ad | 0.0 |
15.6 ab | 0.0 |
158.5 a | 0.0 |
|
180.1 ad | 0.0 |
0.1 d | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
23.7 fh | 27.5 b | 0.0 |
230.0 b | 148.5 a | 0.0 |
|
278.5 ac | 27.6 b | 14.6 ab | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
214.4 ad | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
20.4 gh | 0.0 |
16.2 a | 275.5 a | 110.7 a | 20.9 bc | |
121.4 be | 0.0 |
0.0 |
244.1 b | 16.4 b | 0.0 |
|
122.8 be | 0.0 |
11.7 c | 0.2 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
|
63.2 dg | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
153.8 bd | 0.0 |
15.9 ab | 270.6 a | 113.8 a | 0.0 |
|
589.2 a | 244.2 a | 13.9 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
32.6 bc | |
27.9 fh | 0.1 c | 15.2 ab | 0.0 |
0.0 |
43.9 b | |
16.3 h | 0.0 |
16.3 a | 0.0 |
0.0 |
29.3 bc | |
79.5 cf | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
72.5 dg | 0.1 c | 0.0 |
232.0 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
|
410.7 ab | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
20.4 gh | 0.1 c | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
27.1 fh | 0.1 c | 15.3 ab | 0.0 |
112.0 a | 0.0 |
|
28.2 fh | 0.0 |
15.7 ab | 273.3 a | 0.0 |
0.0 |
|
34.6 eh | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 c | 0.2 c | |
26.2 fh | 0.0 |
1.9 d | 0.0 |
113.4 a | 0.2 c | |
0.1 i | 27.9 b | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
15.2 h | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
150.1 bd | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
214.3 ad | 0.0 |
14.1 b | 241.2 b | 109.6 a | 0.0 |
FRAP | DPPH | ABTS | Caffeic acid | Chlorogenic acid | Coumaric acid | Ferulic acid | Hyperoside | Isoquercitrin | Quercetin | Quercitrin | Rutin | Ellagic Acid | Gallic Acid | Catechin | Epicatechin | Vitamin C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | 0.94 |
0.93 |
0.95 |
0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.26 |
0.68 |
0.43 |
0.36 |
0.43 |
0.47 |
0.18 | 0.50 |
0.43 |
0.44 |
FRAP | 1 | 0.93 |
0.96 |
0.09 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.23 |
0.65 |
0.40 |
0.26 |
0.40 |
0.49 |
0.21 | 0.56 |
0.49 |
0.37 |
DPPH | 1 | 0.93 |
0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.68 |
0.33 |
0.30 |
0.42 |
0.40 |
0.31 |
0.49 |
0.37 |
0.41 |
|
ABTS | 1 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
0.67 |
0.36 |
0.29 |
0.38 |
0.47 |
0.19 | 0.52 |
0.47 |
0.44 |
||
Caffeic acid | 1 | 0.30 |
0.44 |
0.35 |
0.04 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.05 | |||
Chlorogenic acid | 1 | 0.49 |
−0.07 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.22 |
0.06 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.35 |
0.21 | −0.01 | ||||
Coumaric acid | 1 | −0.12 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.40 |
−0.02 | |||||
Ferulic acid | 1 | 0.30 |
−0.03 | −0.03 | 0.17 | 0.32 |
−0.22 |
0.08 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.00 | ||||||
Hyperoside | 1 | 0.48 |
−0.06 | 0.03 | 0.44 |
−0.17 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.13 | −0.05 | |||||||
Isoquercitrin | 1 | 0.03 | 0.38 |
0.69 |
0.17 | 0.01 | 0.27 |
0.14 | 0.30 |
||||||||
Quercetin | 1 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.29 |
0.06 | 0.70 |
0.20 | 0.02 | |||||||||
Quercitrin | 1 | 0.23 | 0.20 | −0.23 |
0.01 | 0.26 |
0.50 |
||||||||||
Rutin | 1 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.07 | −0.05 | |||||||||||
Ellagic acid | 1 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
0.34 |
0.28 |
||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 1 | 0.23 |
−0.09 | −0.12 | |||||||||||||
Catechin | 1 | 0.49 |
0.05 | ||||||||||||||
Epicatechin | 1 | 0.04 |