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The impact of smart tourism applications in destinations on destination brand equity and competitiveness: The case of Istanbul

Murat Ödemiş

Murat Ödemiş

Assoc. Prof. Dr. in Gastronomy and Culinary Arts Department, University of Gümüşhane, Tourism FacultyGümüşhane, Türkiye
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Ödemiş, Murat
  
14 sie 2025
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Data publikacji: 14 sie 2025
Zakres stron: 120 - 133
Otrzymano: 12 cze 2024
Przyjęty: 28 sty 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2025-0009
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© 2025 Murat Ödemiş, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Research model
Research model

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Variables Factor and Substance Factor Load Skewness Kurtosis AVE CR Cronbach’s Alpha (α)
Smart Tourism Destinations (STDs) Technology and Innovation (TI) −0.501 0.941 0.47 0.88
STD15 0.779
STD17 0.740
STD16 0.789
STD14 0.710
STD13 0.685
STD20 0.657
STD19 0.648
STD18 0.639 0.911
STD12 0.511
Accessibility (AC) −0.154 −0.167 0.64 0.90
STD6 0.796
STD8 0.849
STD9 0.833
STD7 0.738
STD10 0.809
STDs Compliance Indexes: x2/df = 2.877, RMSEA = 0.075, GFI = 0.922, IFI = 0.946, CFI = 0.946
Destination Brand Equity (DBE) Destination Brand Awareness (DBA) −2.047 5.127 0.72 0.91
DBE2 0.905
DBE3 0.925
DBE4 0.822
DBE1 0.742
Destination Brand Loyalty (DBL) −0.357 0.154 0.56 0.86 0.916
DBE18 0.761
DBE19 0.815
DBE21 0.802
DBE17 0.687
DBE20 0.699
Destination Brand Image (DBI) −0.331 −0.109 0.62 0.87
DBE7 0.806
DBE8 0.803
DBE5 0.786
DBE6 0.770
Destination Brand Quality and Value (DBQV) −0.066 0.156 0.48 0.82
DBE13 0.675
DBE14 0.842
DBE16 0.551
DBE15 0.749
DBE11 0.641
DBE Compliance Indexes: x2/df = 2.968, RMSEA = 0.077, GFI = 0.889, IFI = 0.929, CFI = 0.929
Destination Competitiveness (DC) Tourism Infrastructure (TIN) −1.131 −0.048 0.62 0.93
DC12 0.805
DC14 0.864
DC13 0.826
DC15 0.777
DC10 0.845
DC8 0.837
DC9 0.680
DC11 0.674
Destination Image (DI) −0.048 −0.086 0.51 0.85
DC35 0.616
DC23 0.800
DC34 0.744
DC33 0.711
DC24 0.773
DC36 0.608
General Infrastructure (GI) −0.327 0.291 0.49 0.85
DC19 0.751 0.948
DC20 0.713
DC18 0.708
DC21 0.788
DC17 0.635
DC16 0.617
Destination Management (DM) −0.232 −0.361 0.56 0.86
DC28 0.777
DC29 0.862
DC30 0.843
DC27 0.652
DC7 0.602
Attributes of the Destination (AD) −1.435 2.795 0.68 0.89
DC2 0.804
DC3 0.929
DC1 0.780
DC4 0.782
DC Compliance Indexes: x2/df = 2.504, RMSEA = 0.067, GFI = 0.851, IFI = 0.919, CFI = 0.918

Correlation analysis

Variable Mean Std. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TI 3.0903 0.70318 1
AC 2.8137 0.80175 .537** 1
DBA 4.3906 0.80561 .311** .105 1
DBL 3.6101 0.75406 .368** .225** .542** 1
DBI 3.5610 0.86170 .360** .294** .495** .641** 1
DBQV 3.1095 0.76811 .386** .383** .254** .491** .479** 1
STDs 2.9915 0.65213 .929** .811** .262** .354** .378** .436** 1
DBE 3.6336 0.62177 .457** .328** .710** .859** .831** .729** .461** 1
DC 3.6370 0.66135 .512** .358** ,541** .602** .575** .582** .513** .735** 1

Regression analysis

Variables R R2 B β t F p
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
AC DBI 0.294 0.086 0.316 0.294 5.615 31.526 0.000**
AC DBQV 0.383 0.147 0.367 0.383 7.587 57.556 0.000**
AC DBL 0.225 0.051 0.211 0.225 4.215 17.764 0.000**
TI DBA 0.311 0.097 0.357 0.311 5.989 35.866 0.000**
TI DBI 0.360 0.129 0.441 0.360 7.045 49.630 0.000**
TI DBQV 0.386 0.149 0.422 0.386 7.646 58.458 0.000**
TI DBL 0.368 0.135 0.394 0.368 7.229 52.260 0.000**
STDs DBE 0.461 0.212 0.439 0.461 9.484 89.938 0.000**
DBA DC 0.541 0.292 0.444 0.541 11.745 137.944 0.000**
DBI DC 0.575 0.330 0.441 0.575 12.831 164.635 0.000**
DBQV DC 0.582 0.339 0.501 0.582 13.086 171.249 0.000**
DBL DC 0.602 0.363 0.528 0.602 13.785 190.038 0.000**
DBE DC 0.735 0.541 0.782 0.735 19.827 393.099 0.000**
AC DC 0.358 0.128 0.296 0.358 7.014 49.202 0.000**
TI DC 0.512 0.263 0.482 0.512 10.905 118.911 0.000**
STDs DC 0.513 0.263 0.520 0.513 10.908 118.988 0.000**

Dimensions and sub-dimensions of smart tourism

Dimensions Sub-dimensions
Sustainability Urban planning
Urban mobility
City-wide electricity supply
Attention to garbage collection across the city
Protection of public structures
Accessibility (for tourists with disabilities) Accessibility
Public transport
Accessibility to tourist attractions
Information services
Electronic appliances/facilities
Technology Access to Wi-Fi services throughout the city
Access to high-speed internet throughout the city
Travel apps providing information to tourists
Websites providing information to tourists
Social media accounts providing information to tourists
Innovation Adaptation of local tourism organisations to innovation
Innovative projects to improve touristic goods and services
Adaptation of tourism enterprises to innovative technologies, such as QR codes, NFC, and RFID
Promotion of touristic goods and services
Distinctiveness of tourism services compared to other tourist destinations
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
2 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Biznes i ekonomia, Zarządzanie biznesem, Zarządzanie przedsiębiorstwem, inne, Branże, Turystyka, hotelarstwo, podróże, Branża eventowa, branża rekreacyjna, Sport i rekreacja, Sport i rekreacja, inne
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