Were hospitallers some of the earliest tour operators?

Providing Transportation

Providing Accommodation

Brings together supply and demand

Providing transportation and accommodation to tourists

Functions have been conducted by using external suppliers

Use of external resources like carriers, hotels

Providing Accommodation

Providing Food

Providing Entertainment

Providing transportation, food, entertainment, and accommodation

Providing Accommodations

Providing Transportation

Providing Food

Providing Entertainment, events and attractions, and miscellaneous services

Providing transportation, food, entertainment, and accommodation to tourists by using internal or external suppliers

It brings together supply and demand

Enabling tourists to benefit from the components of a tour

It presents components of a tour by using internal or external sources like retail outlets and agencies

Tour operators bring together supply and demand

“The largest tour companies now run their charter airlines” (Holloway, 1952: 37).

“Some larger tour operators also operate their hotels abroad” (Holloway, 1992: 38).

Internal or external suppliers have conducted functions

Tour operators achieve supplies in advance

“Tour operator is an organisation, firm, or company who buys individual travel components separately from their suppliers and combines them into a package tour, which is sold with its price tag to the public directly or through an intermediary is called a Tour Operator” (Shekhawat, 2020: 15).

“They buy in bulk, resulting in cheaper inventory costs” (Shekhawat, 2020: 18).

Significantly, a tour operator ought to provide services that are about safety and health (like insurance) for their clients beyond standard touristic services (Shekhawat, 2020: 23)

Achieving components and combining them

Presenting components to tourists

Benefits from big-scale economy

Providing Safety and Health services like insurance

A tour operator brings supply and demand together

A tour operator can be organised as a different form of structure like a firm, a company, or a different organization

Tour operators achieve supplies in advance

Tour operators provide services for tourist safety and health

Tour operators provide services for tourist safety and health

A comprehensive expression of tour operators' activity

Flow of tourists

Balderelli's information indicates the maintenance feature of tour operators

Flow of tourists

Tour operators are components in the tourism system

The tour operator is a factor in a successful tourism process

Hospitallers were operating hospices for pilgrims in Jerusalem (William of Tyre, 1986:123).

Providing accommodation

Hospitallers conduct more than two operational processes which tour operators carry out.

The operational process is carried out by brethren who are cult members. So, the supply mechanism is internal.

Hospitallers operated a complex with the hospice, a church dedicated to St. Mary of Latins, rooms for monks, and entertainment places for pilgrims (William of Tyre, 1986: 815).

Providing Entertainment

Hospitallers also served pilgrims meals in the same complex (William of Tyre, 1986, p. 816).

Providing food services

Hospitallers was running a hospital just west of the complex for every pilgrim visiting the Holy Land (William of Tyre, 1986: 815–816).

Providing health, services

Between 1080 and 1291, the administrative centre of Hospitallers was in the Holy Land, and its purpose was to meet the various needs of tire pilgrims during the pilgrimage (Sovereign Order, 2022).

Maintain the flow of pilgrims

Information indicates the purpose of the operational processes of the Hospitallers. This implies maintaining the character of Hospitallers.

Providing accommodation

Establishing and operating a hospice for pilgrims fits with one of the operational processes of a tour operator.

Flow of pilgrims

Fulfilling the needs of pilgrims maintains the flow of pilgrims

Establishing and operating a hospice for pilgrims fits with one of the operational processes of a tour operator.

Providing Accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Their feature of being a military organization is misunderstood (Duchesne, 2008: viii). Their functional element of maintenance is the flow of pilgrims.

Flow of Pilgrims

Hospitallers' primary purpose indicates what Hospitallers maintains

Flow of Pilgrims

Hospitallers' activities were maintaining the flow of pilgrims between 1080–1291

Providing accommodation

Operating a hospice for pilgrims fits with one of the operational processes of a tour operator

Flow of Tourist

Efforts in building a pilgrim-friendly hospice is a reason to think that Hospitallers maintained an element of functioning, namely the flow of pilgrims

Miscellaneous service

Miscellaneous services

Providing Accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Operating a hospice for pilgrims fits with one of the operational processes (Accommodation) of a tour operator. Internal source (Run by their members)

Providing Accommodation

Providing Health services

Flow of Pilgrims

Internal source (Run by their members)

Their acts, which the Pope blessed, were intended to fulfill the needs of pilgrims. When Hospitallers had a bull from the Pope, they became an official institution (a social structure) for maintaining the flow of pilgrims. It matches maintaining an element of a tour operator

Providing accommodation and health, services match with the operational processes of a four operator

Providing Accommodation

Providing Health. Services

Providing Miscellaneous services

Flow of Pilgrims

Providing accommodation, health, services, and miscellaneous services matches the operational processes of a tour operator

Hospitallers facilities were run by their members

Providing health services

Flow of Pilgrims

Providing health services matches the operational process of a tour operator. Internal source (Run by their member) operational processes of tour operators.

Providing Safety

Providing health services

Providing transportation

Flows of pilgrims in between generating geography and destination

Attempts to provide services related to pilgrims are the same as the attitude of modern tour operator organizations.

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“By the authority of this our present decree, that that house of God, your Hospital, shall now be placed, and shall forever remain, under the protection of the Apostolic See.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only a hospital but also a traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

By this bull, Hospitallers gained legitimacy

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

-“All things whatsoever, therefore, which by your preserving care and solicitude have been collected for the benefit of the said Hospital, for the support and maintenance of pilgrims, or for relieving the necessities of the poor, whether in the churches of Jerusalem or those of parishes within the limits of other cities.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only the hospital but also traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Fulfilling the needs of pilgrims was directly addressed by the bull. It is significant in terms of showing the maintenance role of Hospitallers

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“whatsoever goods have been, or shall be granted to thee, or thy successors, or to the brethren who are occupied in the care and support of pilgrims, by the venerable brethren the bishops of the diocese of Jerusalem; we hereby decree shall be retained by you and undiminished.”

Not mentioned

Flow of Pilgrims

Papal bull demonstrates that Hospitaller (called brethren in this passage) was an organisation to fulfil the needs of pilgrims

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“Furthermore, all dignities or possessions which your Hospital at present holds either on this side of the water, in Asia, or Europe, as also those which hereafter by God's bounty it may obtain; we confirm them to you and to your successors, who shall devote themselves with pious zeal to the cares of hospitality, and through you to the said Hospital in perpetuity.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only the hospital but also traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Bull demonstrates that activities of Hospitallers were not only in the Holy Land but also in Asia and Europe in 1113 operational processes of tour operators.

Providing Safety

Providing health services

Providing transportation

Flows of pilgrims in between generating geography and destination

Attempts to provide services related to pilgrims are the same as the attitude of modern tour operator organizations.

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“By the authority of this our present decree, that that house of God, your Hospital, shall now be placed, and shall forever remain, under the protection of the Apostolic See.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only a hospital but also a traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

By this bull, Hospitallers gained legitimacy

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“All things whatsoever, therefore, which by your preserving care and solicitude have been collected for the benefit of the said Hospital, for the support and maintenance of pilgrims, or far relieving the necessities of the poor, whether in the churches of Jerusalem or those of parishes in the limits of other cities.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only the hospital but also traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Fulfilling the needs of pilgrims was directly addressed by the bull. It is significant in terms of showing the maintenance role of Hospitallers

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“whatsoever goods have been, or shall be granted to thee, or thy successors, or to the brethren who are occupied in the care and support of pilgrims, by the venerable brethren the bishops of the diocese of Jerusalem; we hereby decree shall be retained by you and undiminished.”

Not mentioned

Flow of Pilgrims

Papal bull demonstrates that Hospitaller (called brethren in this passage) was an organisation to fulfil the needs of pilgrims

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“Furthermore, all dignities or possessions which your Hospital at present holds either on this side of the water, in Asia, or Europe, as also those which hereafter by God's bounty it may obtain; we confirm them to you and to your successors, who shall devote themselves with pious zeal to the cares of hospitality, and through you to the said Hospital in perpetuity.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only the hospital but also traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Flow of Pilgrims

Bull demonstrates that activities of Hospitallers were not only in the Holy Land but also in Asia and Europe in 1113

PAPAL BULL (Pope Paschal II., 1113)

“As to the Hospitals or Poor Houses in the Western provinces, in the Borgo of St. Egidio, Asti, Pisa, Bari, Otranto, Taranto, and Messina, which are distinguished by the title of Hospitals of Jerusalem, we decree that they shall forever remain, as they are this day, under the subjection and disposal of yourself and your successors.”

Providing health services

Bearing in mind hospitalia means not only the hospital but also traveller inn, Hospitallers provide accommodation

Bull demonstrates how the vast geographv of Hospitallers operations was held