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How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?

Karolina Pawlak
Karolina Pawlak
   | 28 mar 2024
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Data publikacji: 28 mar 2024
Zakres stron: 21 - 32
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2024-0003
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© 2024 Karolina Pawlak, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Structure of harmful policy instruments used in the world goods trade in 2010–2022 by categories (%)Source: Global Trade Alert (2023), the author’s elaboration
Structure of harmful policy instruments used in the world goods trade in 2010–2022 by categories (%)Source: Global Trade Alert (2023), the author’s elaboration

Figure 2.

Structure of liberalising policy instruments used in the world goods trade in 2010–2022 by categories (%)Source: Global Trade Alert (2023), the author’s elaboration
Structure of liberalising policy instruments used in the world goods trade in 2010–2022 by categories (%)Source: Global Trade Alert (2023), the author’s elaboration

Countries most contributing and affected by trade interventions in 2010–2022

No. Countries most contributing to interventions Countries most affected by interventions
Liberalising policy instruments Harmful policy instruments Liberalising policy instruments Harmful policy instruments
Country Interventions Country Interventions Country Interventions Country Interventions
1 Brazil 814 USA 7,790 China 3,886 Germany 13,035
2 India 712 China 5,619 USA 3,503 Italy 12,608
3 Russia 439 Brazil 5,403 Germany 3,118 France 12,571
4 Argentina 428 Germany 1,819 United Kingdom 2,886 United Kingdom 11,841
5 Spain 382 India 1,497 Italy 2,860 Japan 11,558
6 Italy 381 Italy 1,388 France 2,768 Republic of Korea 11,509
7 France 376 Canada 1,379 Republic of Korea 2,600 Spain 11,363
8 Germany 375 France 1,227 India 2,553 China 11,272
9 Netherlands 375 Spain 1,121 Japan 2,543 USA 11,155
10 Hungary 375 United Kingdom 1,014 Netherlands 2,474 Netherlands 11,011

Implementation of non-tariff measures in the EU, US and Chinese trade in goods by category (UNCTAD-MAST classification, as of 11 November, 2020)

Specification EU USA China
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures A 22 14 36
B 15 12 39
C 7.5 8.7 4.1
Technical barriers to trade A 90 72 88
B 88 81 91
C 4.1 3.3 4.5
Pre-shipment inspection and other formalities A 3 4 14
B 4 7 47
C 1 1.4 1.1
Quantitative restrictions A 53 20 54
B 66 28 75
C 1.6 1 1.6
Price-control measures A 0 15 17
B 0 14 23
C 0 1.2 1.1
Export-related measures A 3 23 73
B 5 32 81
C 2 2.1 4.2

Trade policy orientation based on Ehrlich (2010)

Classification criterion Oppose protectionism Support protectionism
Oppose fair trade I III
Free trade Traditional protectionism
Support fair trade II IV
Fair trade Neoprotectionism

Use of non-tariff measures in the EU, USA and China by sectora (as of 11 November, 2020)

Country Total Agriculture (HS 1–24) Natural resources (HS 25–27) Manufacturing (HS 28–97)
A B C A B C A B C A B C
EU 92 89 6.3 98 98 15.5 64 86 4.0 92 89 5.0
USA 77 83 4.1 100 100 16.1 100 100 2.4 74 80 2.6
China 90 92 6.8 100 100 22.8 90 98 4.7 89 90 5.4

Number and structure of implemented interventions in the world goods trade in 2010–2022

Year Total Liberalising policy instruments Harmful policy instruments
Number Total=100 Number Total=100
2010 2,945 457 15.5 2,488 84.5
2011 2,994 465 15.5 2,529 84.5
2012 3,306 509 15.4 2,797 84.6
2013 3,094 471 15.2 2,623 84.8
2014 3,111 439 14.1 2,672 85.9
2015 3,215 528 16.4 2,687 83.6
2016 2,787 512 18.4 2,275 81.6
2017 2,865 495 17.3 2,370 82.7
2018 2,921 511 17.5 2,410 82.5
2019 2,714 420 15.5 2,294 84.5
2020 4,802 811 16.9 3,991 83.1
2021 4,393 628 14.3 3,765 85.7
2022 4,556 1,028 22.6 3,528 77.4
eISSN:
2543-6821
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Economic Theory, Systems and Structures, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy
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