How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Countries most contributing and affected by trade interventions in 2010–2022

No.	Countries most contributing to interventions				Countries most affected by interventions
	Liberalising policy instruments		Harmful policy instruments		Liberalising policy instruments		Harmful policy instruments
	Country	Interventions	Country	Interventions	Country	Interventions	Country	Interventions
1	Brazil	814	USA	7,790	China	3,886	Germany	13,035
2	India	712	China	5,619	USA	3,503	Italy	12,608
3	Russia	439	Brazil	5,403	Germany	3,118	France	12,571
4	Argentina	428	Germany	1,819	United Kingdom	2,886	United Kingdom	11,841
5	Spain	382	India	1,497	Italy	2,860	Japan	11,558
6	Italy	381	Italy	1,388	France	2,768	Republic of Korea	11,509
7	France	376	Canada	1,379	Republic of Korea	2,600	Spain	11,363
8	Germany	375	France	1,227	India	2,553	China	11,272
9	Netherlands	375	Spain	1,121	Japan	2,543	USA	11,155
10	Hungary	375	United Kingdom	1,014	Netherlands	2,474	Netherlands	11,011

Implementation of non-tariff measures in the EU, US and Chinese trade in goods by category (UNCTAD-MAST classification, as of 11 November, 2020)

Specification		EU	USA	China
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures	A	22	14	36
	B	15	12	39
	C	7.5	8.7	4.1
Technical barriers to trade	A	90	72	88
	B	88	81	91
	C	4.1	3.3	4.5
Pre-shipment inspection and other formalities	A	3	4	14
	B	4	7	47
	C	1	1.4	1.1
Quantitative restrictions	A	53	20	54
	B	66	28	75
	C	1.6	1	1.6
Price-control measures	A	0	15	17
	B	0	14	23
	C	0	1.2	1.1
Export-related measures	A	3	23	73
	B	5	32	81
	C	2	2.1	4.2

Trade policy orientation based on Ehrlich (2010)

Classification criterion	Oppose protectionism	Support protectionism
Oppose fair trade	I	III
	Free trade	Traditional protectionism
Support fair trade	II	IV
	Fair trade	Neoprotectionism

Use of non-tariff measures in the EU, USA and China by sectora (as of 11 November, 2020)

Country	Total			Agriculture (HS 1–24)			Natural resources (HS 25–27)			Manufacturing (HS 28–97)
	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
EU	92	89	6.3	98	98	15.5	64	86	4.0	92	89	5.0
USA	77	83	4.1	100	100	16.1	100	100	2.4	74	80	2.6
China	90	92	6.8	100	100	22.8	90	98	4.7	89	90	5.4

Number and structure of implemented interventions in the world goods trade in 2010–2022

Year	Total	Liberalising policy instruments		Harmful policy instruments
		Number	Total=100	Number	Total=100
2010	2,945	457	15.5	2,488	84.5
2011	2,994	465	15.5	2,529	84.5
2012	3,306	509	15.4	2,797	84.6
2013	3,094	471	15.2	2,623	84.8
2014	3,111	439	14.1	2,672	85.9
2015	3,215	528	16.4	2,687	83.6
2016	2,787	512	18.4	2,275	81.6
2017	2,865	495	17.3	2,370	82.7
2018	2,921	511	17.5	2,410	82.5
2019	2,714	420	15.5	2,294	84.5
2020	4,802	811	16.9	3,991	83.1
2021	4,393	628	14.3	3,765	85.7
2022	4,556	1,028	22.6	3,528	77.4