[
Al-Marzooqi W., Leeson S. (2000). Effect of dietary lipase enzyme on gut morphology, gastric motility, and long-term performance of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 79: 956–960.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y. (2018). Recent approaches as alternative growth promote to replace antibiotic in animal nutrition. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu., 8: 11–21.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y., Hassan S. (2017). Broiler tolerance to heat stress at various dietary protein/energy levels. Europ. Poult. Sci., 81: 171.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y.A., Hassan R.A., Shehatta M.H., Abd El-Hady S.B. (2005). Growth, carcass quality and serum constituents of slow-growing chicks affected by betaine addition to diets containing two levels of methionine. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 856–865.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y.A., Abd El-Hamid A.E.H.E., Abedalla A.A., Berika M.A., Al-Harthi M.A., Kucuk O., Sahin K., Abou-Shehema B.M. (2016). Laying performance, digestibility and plasma hormones in laying hens exposed to chronic heat stress as affected by betaine, vitamin C, and/or vitamin E supplementation. Springer Plus, 5: 1–12.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y.A., El-Naggar A.S., Abou-Shehema B.M., Abdella A.A. (2019). Effect of supplementation with trimethylglycine (beta-ine) and/or vitamins on semen quality, fertility, antioxidant status, DNA repair and welfare of roosters exposed to chronic heat stress. Animals, 9: 547.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Awad W.A., Böhm J., Razzazi-Fazeli E., Ghareeb K., Zentek J. (2006). Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 85: 974–979.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Awad W., Ghareeb K., Böhm J. (2008). Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 9: 2205–2216.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Awad W.A., Ghareeb K., Abdel-Raheem, S., Böhm J. (2009). Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: 49–56.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Awad W.A., Molnár A., Aschenbach J.R., Ghareeb K., Khayal B., Hess C., Hess M. (2015). Campylobacter infection in chickens modulates the intestinal epithelial barrier function. Innate Immun., 21: 151–160.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Awad W.A., Ruhnau D., Gavrău A., Dublecz K., Hess M. (2022). Comparing effects of natural betaine and betaine hydrochloride on gut physiology in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 101: 102173.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baghban-Kanani P., Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B., Azimi-Youvalari S., Seidavi A., Ayaşan T., Laudadio V., Tufarelli V. (2018). Effect of different levels of sunflower meal and multi-enzyme complex on performance, biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of laying hens. South Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 48: 390–399.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baghban-Kanani P., Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B., Azimi-Youvalari, S., Seidavi A., Laudadio V., Mazzei D., Tufarelli V. (2020). Effect of dietary sesame (Sesame indicum L.) seed meal level supplemented with lysine and phytase on performance traits and anti-oxidant status of late-phase laying hens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 33: 277.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Barekatain R., Nattrass G., Tilbrook A.J., Chousalkar, K., Gilani S. (2019 a). Reduced protein diet and amino acid concentration alter intestinal barrier function and performance of broiler chickens with or without synthetic glucocorticoid. Poult. Sci., 98: 3662–3675.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Barekatain R., Chrystal P.V., Howarth G.S., McLaughlan C.J., Gilani S., Nattrass G.S. (2019 b). Performance, intestinal permeability, and gene expression of selected tight junction proteins in broiler chickens fed reduced protein diets supplemented with arginine, glutamine, and glycine subjected to a leaky gut model. Poult. Sci., 98: 6761–6771.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Belali M., Seidavi A., Bouyeh M., Gorlov I.F., Slozhenkina M.I., Mosolov A.A., Cipriano-Salazar M. (2024). Substantiable biocon-version of the aromatic plant extracts biomass as feed additives in broiler performance: effects and prefeasibility comparison of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Biomass Conv. Bioref., 14: 6097–6109.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Berrocoso J.D., Kida R., Singh A.K., Kim Y.S., Jha R. (2017). Effect of in ovo injection of raffinose on growth performance and gut health parameters of broiler chicken. Poult. Sci., 96: 1573–1580.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cera K.R., Mahan D.C., Cross R.F., Reinhart G.A., Whitmoyer R.E. (1988). Effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 574–584.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chand N., Ali P., Alhidary I.A., Abdelrahman M.A., Albadani H., Khan M.A., Seidavi A., Laudadio V., Tufarelli V., Khan R.U. (2021). Protective effect of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed powder and zinc-glycine complex on growth traits and gut health of broilers following eimeria tenella challenge. Antibiotics, 10: 186.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cheng P., Ishfaq M., Yu H., Yang Y., Li S., Li X., Zhang X. (2020). Curcumin ameliorates duodenal toxicity of AFB1 in chicken through inducing P-glycoprotein and downregulating cytochrome P450 enzymes. Poult. Sci., 99: 7035–7045.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chichlowski M., Croom W.J., Edens F.W., McBride B.W., Qiu R., Chiang C.C., Daniel L.R., Havenstein G.B., Koci M.D. (2007). Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin. Poult. Sci., 86: 1121–1132.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chuai Y., Dai B., Liu X., Hu M., Wang Y., Zhang H. (2023). Association of vitamin K, fibre intake and progression of periodontal attachment loss in American adults. BMC Oral Health., 23: 303.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Das T., Pakhira M., Debnath B., Debroy B. (2023). The effects of complex enzymes on production performance, egg quality, hatchability and intestinal morphometry in Khaki Campbell duck. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 13: 375–382.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Deng W., Dong X. F., Tong J.M., Zhang Q. (2012). The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens. Poult. Sci., 91: 575–582.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
dos Santos T.T., Baal S.C.S., Lee S.A., e Silva F.R.O., Scheraiber M., da Silva A.V.F. (2019). Influence of dietary fibre and betaine on mucus production and digesta and plasma osmolality of broiler chicks from hatch to 14 days of age. Livest. Sci., 220: 67–73.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Elbaz A.M., Ashmawy E.S., Ali S.A., Mourad D.M., El-Samahy H.S., Badri F.B., Thabet H.A. (2023). Effectiveness of probiotics and clove essential oils in improving growth performance, immunoantioxidant status, ileum morphometric, and microbial community structure for heat-stressed broilers. Sci. Rep., 13: 18846.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eleiwa N.Z., El-Shabrawi A.A., Ibrahim D., Abdelwarith A.A., Younis E.M., Davies S.J., Abu-Zeid E.H. (2023). Dietary curcumin modulating effect on performance, antioxidant status, and immune-related response of broiler chickens exposed to imidacloprid insecticide. Animals, 13: 3650.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Galli S.J., Gaudenzio N., Tsai M. (2020). Mast cells in inflammation and disease: recent progress and ongoing concerns. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 38: 49–77.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gao Z., Liu F., Yin P., Wan C., He S., Liu X., Zhao H., Liu T., Xu J., Guo S. (2013). Inhibition of heat-induced apoptosis in rat small intestine and IEC-6 cells through the AKT signaling pathway. BMC Vet Res., 9: 1–8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gross W.B., Siegel H.S. (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis., 27: 972–979.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Guo F., Jing M., Zhang A., Yi J., Zhang, Y. (2023). Effects of dietary betaine on the laying performance, antioxidant capacity, and uterus and ovary function of laying hens at the late stage of production. Animals, 13: 3283.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Herrero-Encinas J., Blanch M., Pastor J.J., Mereu A., Ipharraguerre I.R., Menoyo D. (2020). Effects of a bioactive olive pomace extract from Olea europaea on growth performance, gut function, and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 99: 2–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hewlings S.J., Kalman D.S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6: 92.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B., Di Rosa A.R., Janmohammadi H., Slozhenkina M.I., Gorlov I.F., Mosolov A.A., Seidavi A., Phillips C.J.C. (2024). The potential of amaranth grain for feeding to poultry. World. Poult. Sci J., 80: 481–509.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jack D.B. (1997). One hundred years of aspirin. Lancet, 350: 437–439.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Klasing K.C., Adler K.L., Calvert C.C., Remus J.C. (2002). Dietary betaine increases intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenum of coccidia-infected chicks and increases functional properties of phagocytes. J. Nutr., 132: 2274–2282.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koltes D.A., Lester H.D., Frost M., Aldridge D., Christensen K.D., Scanes C.G. (2017). Effects of bacitracin methylene disalicylate and diet change on gastrointestinal integrity and endotoxin permeability in the duodenum of broiler chicken. BMC Res. Notes., 10: 1–6.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Liang A., Lv T., Pan B., Zhu Z., Haotian R., Xie Y., Luo A. (2024). Dynamic simulation and experimental studies of molecularly imprinted label-free sensor for determination of milk quality marker. Food Chem., 449: 139238.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Liu M., Huang G., Lin Y., Huang Y., Xuan Z., Lun J., He S., Zhou J., Chen X., Qu Q., Lv W., Guo S. (2024). Effects of dietary Callicarpa nudiflora aqueous extract supplementation on growth performance, growth hormone, antioxidant and immune function, and intestinal health of broilers. Antioxidants, 13: 572.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Liu X., Dai B., Chuai Y., Hu M., Zhang H. (2023). Associations between vitamin D levels and periodontal attachment loss. Clin. Oral Invest., 27: 4727–4733.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lyte J.M., Martinez D.A., Robinson K., Donoghue A.M., Daniels K.M., Lyte M. (2022). A neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. Poult. Sci., 101: 101671.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Montinari M.R., Minelli S., De Caterina R. (2019). The first 3500 years of aspirin history from its roots –A concise summary. Vascular Pharmacol., 113: 1–8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Movahhedkhah S., Rasouli B., Seidavi A.R., Mazzei D., Laudadio V., Tufarelli V. (2019). Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) extract as natural feed additive in broilers: effects on growth, plasma constituents, immune response, and ileal microflora. Animals, 9: 87.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Munoz L.R., Bailey M.A., Krehling J.T., Bourassa D.V., Hauck R., Pacheco W.J., Chaves-Cordoba B., Chasteen K.S., Talorico A.A., Escobar C., Pietruska A., Macklin K.S. (2023). Effects of dietary yeast cell wall supplementation on growth performance, intestinal Campylobacter jejuni colonization, innate immune response, villus height, crypt depth, and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni at d 21. Poult. Sci., 102: 102609.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Osita C., Ezenwosu C., Iloamaka E., Ani A. (2022). Impact of diets containing varying levels of sodium chloride as a source of electrolyte in broiler chickens. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 12: 813–824.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pritchard D.M., Watson A.J. (1996). Apoptosis and gastrointestinal pharmacology. Pharmacol. Therap., 72: 149–169.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rao S.V., Raju M.V.L.N., Panda A.K., Saharia P., Sunder G.S. (2011). Effect of supplementing betaine on performance, carcass traits and immune responses in broiler chicken fed diets containing different concentrations of methionine. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 662–669.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rebollada-Merino A., Bárcena C., Ugarte-Ruiz M., Porras N., Mayoral-Alegre F.J., Tomé-Sánchez I., Rodríguez-Bertos A. (2019). Effects on intestinal mucosal morphology, productive parameters and microbiota composition after supplementation with fermented defatted alperujo (FDA) in laying hens. Antibiotics, 8: 215.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Santin E., Maiorka A., Macari M., Grecco M., Sanchez J.C., Okada T.M., Myasaka A.M. (2001). Performance and intestinal mucosa development of broiler chickens fed diets containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 10: 236–244.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Scanes C.G., Cutler S.A., Griffith R.W., Yang M., Cook M.E. (2009). Effects of egg antibody to components of inflammatory activation (phospholipase A2 and Toll like receptor 4) on the response of young turkeys to Salmonella typhimurium challenge. Avian Biol. Res., 1: 165–173.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Scanes C.G., Witt J., Ebeling M., Schaller S., Baier V., Bone A.J., Heckmann D. (2022). Quantitative comparison of avian and mammalian physiologies for parameterization of physiologically based kinetic models. Front. Physiol., 13: 858386.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shakeri M., Cottrell J.J., Wilkinson S., Ringuet M., Furness J.B., Dunshea F.R. (2018). Betaine and antioxidants improve growth performance, breast muscle development and ameliorate thermo-regulatory responses to cyclic heat exposure in broiler chickens. Animals, 8: 162.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shankar K., Mehendale H.M. (2014). Cytochrome P450. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd Edition), P. Wexler (ed.). Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 1125–1127.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sharma M.K., Liu G., White D.L., Tompkins Y.H., Kim W.K. (2022). Effects of mixed Eimeria challenge on performance, body composition, intestinal health, and expression of nutrient transporter genes of Hy-Line W-36 pullets (0–6 wks of age). Poult. Sci., 101: 102083.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sharma M.K., Liu G., Choppa V.S.R., Rafieian-Naeini H.R., Mahdavi F.S., Marshall B., Gogal R.M., Kim W.K. (2024). Effects of Artemisia annua supplementation on the performance and gut health of laying hens challenged with mixed Eimeria species. Front. Physiol., 15: 1381548.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Silva M.A.D., Pessotti B.M.D.S., Zanini S.F., Colnago G.L., Rodrigues M.R.A., Nunes L.D.C., Zanini M.S., Martins I.V.F. (2009). Intestinal mucosa structure of broiler chickens infected experimentally with Eimeria tenella and treated with essential oil of oregano. Ciência Rural., 39: 1471–1477.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Song J., Xiao K., Ke Y.L., Jiao L.F., Hu C.H., Diao Q.Y., Zou X.T. (2014). Effect of a probiotic mixture on intestinal microflora, morphology, and barrier integrity of broilers subjected to heat stress. Poult. Sci., 93: 581–588.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stefanetti V., Mancinelli A.C., Pascucci L., Menchetti L., Castellini C., Mugnai C., Fiorilla E., Miniscalco B., Chiattelli D., Franciosini M.P., Proietti P.C. (2023). Effect of rearing systems on immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology, and mortality in conventional and local chicken breeds. Poult. Sci., 102: 103110.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tavakoli M., Bouyeh M., Seidavi A. (2022). Influences of dietary aspirin supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal organs of broilers. J. Hellenic Vet. Med. Soc., 73: 5061–5066.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Theoharides T.C., Alysandratos K.D., Angelidou A., Delivanis D.A., Sismanopoulos N., Zhang B., Kalogeromitros D. (2012). Mast cells and inflammation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis., 1822: 21–33.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tufarelli V., Passantino L., Zupa R., Crupi P., Laudadio V. (2022). Suitability of dried olive pulp in slow-growing broilers: Performance, meat quality, oxidation products, and intestinal mucosa features. Poult. Sci., 101: 102230.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Waldenstedt L., Elwinger K., Thebo P., Uggla A. (1999). Effect of betaine supplement on broiler performance during an experimental coccidial infection. Poult. Sci., 78: 182–189.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Waldroup P.W., Motl M.A., Yan F., Fritts C.A. (2006). Effects of betaine and choline on response to methionine supplementation to broiler diets formulated to industry standards. J. Appl. Poult Res., 15: 58–71.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang C., Zhao F., Li Z., Jin X., Chen X., Geng Z., Zhang C. (2021). Effects of resveratrol on growth performance, intestinal development, and antioxidant status of broilers under heat stress. Animals, 11: 1427.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wen C., Leng Z., Chen Y., Ding L., Wang T., Zhou Y. (2021). Betaine alleviates heat stress-induced hepatic and mitochondrial oxidative damage in broilers. J. Poult. Sci., 58: 103–109.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Werz O., Stettler H., Theurer C., Seibel J. (2024). The 125th anniversary of aspirin –the story continues. Pharmaceuticals, 17: 437.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wu Q.J., Liu N., Wu X.H., Wang G.Y., Lin L. (2018). Glutamine alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, intestinal inflammatory response, and barrier integrity in broilers. Poult. Sci., 97: 2675–2683.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Xie Y., Liu J., Wang H., Luo J., Chen T., Xi Q., Sun J. (2020). Effects of fermented feeds and ginseng polysaccharides on the intestinal morphology and microbiota composition of Xuefeng black-bone chicken. PLoS One., 15(8): e0237357.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Xu Z.R., Hu C.H., Xia M.S., Zhan X.A., Wang M.Q. (2003). Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poult. Sci., 82: 1030–1036.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yin F., Lan R., Wu Z., Wang Z., Wu H., Li Z., Yu H., Zhao Z., Li H. (2019). Yupingfeng polysaccharides enhances growth performance in Qingyuan partridge chicken by up-regulating the mRNA expression of SGLT 1, GLUT 2 and GLUT5. Vet. Med. Sci., 5: 451–461.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang B., Zhong Q., Liu N., Song P., Zhu P., Zhang C., Sun Z. (2022). Dietary glutamine supplementation alleviated inflammation responses and improved intestinal mucosa barrier of LPS-challenged broilers. Animals, 12: 1729.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang C., Zhao X.H., Yang L., Chen X.Y., Jiang R.S., Jin S.H., Geng Z.Y. (2017). Resveratrol alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, microflora, and barrier integrity in broilers. Poult. Sci., 96: 4325–4332.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang J., Han H., Shen M., Zhang L., Wang T. (2019). Comparative studies on the antioxidant profiles of curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in erythrocytes and broiler chickens. Animals, 9: 953.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhen W., Wang Z., Wang Q., Sun W., Wang R., Zhang W., Zhang Y., Qin W., Li B., Wang Q., Hong B., Yang Y., Xu J., Ma S., Da M., Feng L., Zang X., Mo X., Sun X., Wu M., Xu J., Xu J., Huang Y., Zhang H. (2024). Cardiovascular disease therapeutics via engineered oral microbiota: Applications and perspective. iMeta, e197.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhou J.Y., Wang Z., Zhang S.W., Lin H.L., Gao C.Q., Zhao J.C., Yang C., Wang X.Q. (2019). Methionine and its hydroxyl analogues improve stem cell activity to eliminate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal injury by reactivating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J. Agr. Food Chem., 67: 11464–11473.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhou B.H., Jia L.S., Wei S.S., Ding H.Y., Yang J.Y., Wang H.W. (2020 a). Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on the barrier damage and microbiota diversity of chicken cecum. Poult. Sci., 99: 1297–1305.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhou J.Y., Huang D.G., Zhu M., Gao C.Q., Yan H.C., Li X.G., Wang X.Q. (2020 b). Wnt/β-catenin-mediated heat exposure inhibits intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and stem cell expansion through endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Cell. Physiol., 235: 5613–5627.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhou J.Y., Zan G.X., Zhu Q.J., Gao C.Q., Yan H.C., Wang X.Q. (2022). Recombinant porcine R-spondin 1 facilitates intestinal stem cell expansion along the crypt–villus axis through potentiating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in homeostasis and deoxynivalenol injury. J. Agr. Food Chem., 70: 10644–10653.
]Search in Google Scholar
