Wi-Fi technology and human health impact: a brief review of current knowledge
, , , , , , , , , , oraz
07 lip 2022
O artykule
Kategoria artykułu: Review
Data publikacji: 07 lip 2022
Zakres stron: 94 - 106
Otrzymano: 01 lut 2020
Przyjęty: 01 cze 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3402
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Ivica Prlić, Jerko Šiško, Veda Marija Varnai, Luka Pavelić, Jelena Macan, Silvija Kobešćak, Mladen Hajdinjak, Mihovil Jurdana, Zdravko Cerovac, Branimir Zauner, Marija Surić Mihić, and Selma Cvijetić Avdagić, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Conductivity and skin depth of low and high water content tissues at selected EM RF
| Frequency | Tissues with low water content | Tissues with high water content | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat | Bone | Muscle | Skin | |||||
| σ (S/m) | δ (mm) | σ (S/m) | δ (mm) | σ (S/m) | δ (mm) | σ (S/m) δ | (mm) | |
| 150 MHz | 0.04 | 366.1 | 0.07 | 301.0 | 0.7 | 67.2 | 0.5 | 85.0 |
| 450MHz | 0.04 | 301.9 | 0.10 | 202.2 | 0.8 | 51.3 | 0.7 | 52.9 |
| 835 MHz | 0.05 | 252.0 | 0.14 | 139.5 | 0.9 | 43.5 | 0.8 | 41.5 |
| 1.8 GHz | 0.08 | 157.1 | 0.28 | 66.7 | 1.3 | 29.2 | 1.2 | 28.3 |
| 2.54 GHz | 0.10 | 117.1 | 0.39 | 45.8 | 1.7 | 22.3 | 1.5 | 22.6 |
| 3 GHz | 0,13 | 93.6 | 0.51 | 35.2 | 2.1 | 18.0 | 1.7 | 18.9 |
| 5 GHz | 0.24 | 49.4 | 0.96 | 17.7 | 4.0 | 9.3 | 3.1 | 10.5 |
| 10 GHz | 0.58 | 19.6 | 2.13 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 3.3 | 8.0 | 3.8 |
Basic restrictions for time-varying electric and magnetic fields for frequencies 10 MHz–10 GHz according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (24)
| Whole-body average SAR (W/kg) | Localised SAR (W/kg) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Head and trunk | Limbs | ||
| Occupational exposure | 0.4 | 10 | 20 |
| General public exposure | 0.08 | 2 | 4 |
Examples of Wi-Fi exposure in school indoor/classroom environment
| Reference | Country / Sample | Source / Distance from source (m) (Number of measurements) | Electric field strength (V m-1) | Power density (W m-2) | SAR (W/kg) localised (head and trunk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khalid et al. 2011 ( |
United Kingdom / 3 | access points*/ 0.5 | 5.7b | - | |
| Peyman et al. 2011 ( |
primary, 3 secondary schools | laptops / 0.5 | 2.9b | - | 0.00008c |
| Joseph et al. 2010 ( |
Hungary school teacher/ 31 primary d | Wi-Fi devices* | 2-5 | - | - |
| Belgium / 10 schools |
0.05a, 0.24b | - | - | ||
| Vermeeren et al. 2013 ( |
Greece / 5 schools | various Wi-Fi devices*# | 0.09a, 0.20b | - | - |
| Verloock et al. 2014 ( |
Belgium and secondary / 5 primary schools | various access Wi-points Fi clients*# | 0.34a, 2.52b | - | - |
| Gledhill 2014 ( |
New Zealand / 2 schools | access points# / 2 laptops / <0.5 | - | 0.0025a, 0.02b 0.002a, 0.03b | - |
| Karipidis et al. 2017 ( |
Australia 16 secondary / 7 primary schools | access points*# / 1.9 | - | 0.0004a, 0.04b | - |
| Prlić et al. 2021 ( |
access points*# /across the whole classroom (grid 1m x 1m) | < 0.66b | - | 0.0088 #f0.029*f | |