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The condition of periodontal tissues and selected microorganisms presence around implants and natural teeth

Magdalena Jaszczak-Małkowska
Magdalena Jaszczak-Małkowska
, 
Ewa Grabowska
Ewa Grabowska
, 
Bartłomiej Górski
Bartłomiej Górski
 oraz 
Renata Górska
Renata Górska
   | 13 wrz 2023
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Article Category: Original Study
Data publikacji: 13 wrz 2023
Zakres stron: 82 - 90
Otrzymano: 25 sie 2022
Przyjęty: 31 mar 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2023-0009
Słowa kluczowe
© 2023 Magdalena Jaszczak-Małkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Number of specific bacteria in tissues around the implants versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)

Bacteria in tissues around the implants (median, range)
Number of bacteria in total [mln] Aa Pg Td Cg
Age r = 0.113p = 0.488 S r = 0.189p = 0.243 S r = 0.368p = 0.020 S r = 0.320p = 0.044 S r = −0.129p = 0.426 S
Sex Women 23 (0–2600) 0 (0–52 000) 0 (0–230 000) 0 (0–11 000) 1070 (0–89 000)
Men 360 (1–1700) 0 (0) 160 (0–37 000) 140 (0–6800) 2740 (0–44 000)
Comparison p = 0.088 M p = 0.502 M p = 0.190 M p = 0.504 M p = 0.391 M
Body Mass Index r = 0.167p = 0.304 S r = −0.358p = 0.023 S r = 0.120p = 0.462 S r = −0.028p = 0.863 S r = −0.185p = 0.252 S
Cigarette smoking Yes 41 (0–1700) 0 (0–52 000) 320 (0–37 000) 3800 (0–11 000) 230 (0–13 000)
No 26 (0–2600) 0 (0) 0 (0–230 000) 0 (0–6800) 1900 (0–89 000)
Comparison p = 0.928 M p = 0.023 M p = 0.028 M p = 0.017 M p = 0.231 M
PI r = 0.485p = 0.001 S r = 0.060p = 0.715 S r = 0.279p = 0.081 S r = 0.339p = 0.032 S r = 0.307p = 0.054 S
API r = 0.486p = 0.001 S r = 0.100p = 0.541 S r = 0.109p = 0.505 S r = 0.277p = 0.083 S r = 0.405p = 0.009 S
BOP r = 0.216p = 0.180 S r = −0.030p = 0.855 S r = 0.146p = 0.370 S r = 0.366p = 0.020 S r = 0.185p = 0.253 S
PD mean r = 0.133p = 0.414 S r = 0.199p = 0.219 S r = 0.501p < 0.001 S r = 0.545p < 0.001 S r = −0.007p = 0.966 S

Number of specific bacteria in periodontal pockets versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)

Bacteria in periodontal pockets (median, range)
Number of bacteria in total [mln] Aa Pg Td Tf Pi Pm En Cg
Age r = −0.071p = 0.663 S r = −0.081p = 0.619 S r = 0.279p = 0.081 S r = 0.398p = 0.011 S r = 0.196p = 0.226 S r = 0.154p = 0.343 S r = 0.218p = 0.177 S r = 0.056p = 0.734 S r = −0.139p = 0.392 S
Sex Women 9 (0–1000) 0 (0–150) 0 (0–41 000) 0 (0–120 000) 0 (0–17 000) 0 (0) 0 (0–12 000) 0 (0–4200) 225 (0–51 000)
Men 132 (7–5900) 0 (0–2700) 6000 (0–470 000) 28 560 (0–140 000) 345 (0–23 000) 650 (0–190 000) 0 (0–10 000) 0 (0–310) 1550 (140–40 000)
Comparison p = 0.013 M p = 0.283 M p = 0.058 M p = 0.033 M p = 0.093 M p < 0.001 M p = 0.592 M p = 0.050 M p = 0.228 M
Body Mass Index r = 0.237p = 0.141 S r = 0.053p = 0.747 S r = 0.305p = 0.055 S r = 0.109p = 0.503 S r = 0.066p = 0.687 S r = 0.210p = 0.193 S r = 0.065p = 0.691 S r = 0.084p = 0.605 S r = 0.125p = 0.440 S
Cigarette smoking Yes 4 (0–240) 0 (0–2700) 12 000 (0–470 000) 340 (0–140 000) 270 (0–23 000) 0 (0–89 000) 0 (0) 0 (0) 140 (0–40 000)
No 14 (1–5900) 0 (0) 0 (0–11 000) 0 (0–120 000) 0 (0–17 000) 0 (0–190 000) 0 (0–12 000) 0 (0–4200) 1000 (0–51 000)
Comparison p = 0.126 M p = 0.022 M p = 0.008 M p = 0.066 M p = 0.225 M p = 0.309 M p = 0.082 M p = 0.289 M p = 0.014 M
PI r = 0.506p < 0.001 S r = 0.028p = 0.865 S r = 0.435p = 0.005 S r = 0.608p < 0.001 S r = 0.593p < 0.001 S r = 0.477p = 0.002 S r = 0.452p = 0.003 S r = 0.248p = 0.123 S r = 0.205p = 0.204 S
API r = 0.514p < 0.001 S r = 0.070p = 0.667 S r = 0.227p = 0.159 S r = 0.414p = 0.008 S r = 0.278p = 0.082 S r = 0.221p = 0.170 S r = 0.507p < 0.001 S r = 0.155p = 0.341 S r = 0.321p = 0.044 S
BOP r = 0.236p = 0.142 S r = 0.004p = 0.978 S r = 0.282p = 0.078 S r = 0.574p < 0.001 S r = 0.453p = 0.003 S r = 0.408p = 0.009 S r = 0.141p = 0.387 S r = 0.308p = 0.053 S r = 0.161p = 0.321 S
PD mean r = 0.014p = 0.932 S r = 0.100p = 0.541 S r = 0.603p < 0.001 S r = 0.696p < 0.001 S r = 0.507p < 0.001 S r = 0.389p = 0.013 S r = 0.086p = 0.598 S r = 0.098p = 0.548 S r = −0.181p = 0.263 S

Comparison of local hygiene status, bleeding, probing depth, and qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacteria between implants and the natural teeth

Variable Teeth Implants Comparison
PI (median, range) 45% (0%–71%) 25% (0%–88%) p = 0.006 W
BOP (mean ± SD) 22.6% ± 14.2 p.p. 27.9% ± 23.3 p.p. p = 0.091 Tdv
Mean PD (mean ± SD) 2.3 ± 0.4 mm 2.9 ± 0.7 mm p < 0.001 Tdv
Number of bacteria in total (median, range [mln]) 11 (0.1–5900) 28 (0.4–2600) p = 0.174 W
Aa – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. p = 1.000 Z
Aa – number (median, range) 0 (0–2700) 0 (0–52 000) p = 0.855 W
Aa – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–192.9) 0 (0–14 444.4) p = 0.584 W
Pg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 30.0% ± 46.4 p.p. 27.5% ± 45.2 p.p. p = 0.564 Z
Pg – number (median, range) 0 (0–470 000) 0 (0–230 000) p = 0.263 W
Pg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–48 611) 0 (0–25 275) p = 0.442 W
Td – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 45.0% ± 50.4 p.p. 40.0% ± 49.6 p.p. p = 0.480 Z
Td – number (median, range) 0 (0–140 000) 0 (0–11 000) p = 0.211 W
Td – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–18 056) 0 (0–57 303) p = 0.867 W
Tf – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 40.0% ± 49.6 p.p. 30.0% ± 46.4 p.p. p = 0.317 Z
Tf – number (median, range) 0 (0–23 000) 0 (0–15 000) p = 0.119 W
Tf – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–9444) 0 (0–58 427) p = 0.603 W
Pi – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 10.0% ± 30.4 p.p. 7.5% ± 26.7 p.p. p = 0.655 Z
Pi – number (median, range) 0 (0–190 000) 0 (0–180 000) p = 0.528 W
Pi – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–370.8) 0 (0–12 857.1) p = 1.000 W
Pm – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 17.5% ± 38.5 p.p. 25.0% ± 43.9 p.p. p = 0.366 Z
Pm – number (median, range) 0 (0–12 000) 0 (0–2600) p = 0.975 W
Pm – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–21.8) 0 (0–453.1) p = 0.108 W
Fn Absent in all the specimens Absent in all the specimens NA
En – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 7.5% ± 26.7 p.p. 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. P = 0.317 Z
En – number (median, range) 0 (0–4200) 0 (0–7500) p = 0.423 W
En – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 0 (0–280) 0 (0–500) p = 0.423 W
Cg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) 80.0% ± 40.5 p.p. 70.0% ± 46.4 p.p. p = 0.157 Z
Cg – number (median, range) 375 (0–51 000) 1070 (0–89 000) p = 0.421 W
Cg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) 46.7 (0–3200) 37.5 (0–24 722) p = 0.775 W

Correlations between the local condition of tissues around teeth or implants and the presence of bacteria (Spearman's rank correlation analysis)

Number of surfaces with plaque Number of bleeding points Max probing depth
Natural teeth Implants Natural teeth Implants Natural teeth Implants
Number of bacteria in total r = 0.150p = 0.405 r = 0.179p = 0.318 r = 0.034p = 0.852 r = 0.154p = 0.391 r = −0.012p = 0.947 r = −0.331p = 0.060
Aa number r = 0.130p = 0.472 r = 0.274p = 0.122 r = −0.047p = 0.797 r = −0.029p = 0.874 r = 0.050p = 0.781 r = −0.173p = 0.336
Aa number per million bacteria in total r = 0.130p = 0.472 r = 0.274p = 0.122 r = −0.047p = 0.797 r = −0.029p = 0.874 r = 0.050p = 0.781 r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pg number r = 0.277p = 0.118 r = 0.229p = 0.200 r = 0.155p = 0.388 r = 0.190p = 0.290 r = 0.395p = 0.023 r = 0.020p = 0.910
Pg number per million bacteria in total r = 0.278p = 0.118 r = 0.193p = 0.282 r = 0.154p = 0.392 r = 0.184p = 0.306 r = 0.368p = 0.035 r = 0.019p = 0.916
Td number r = 0.659p < 0.001 r = 0.156p = 0.387 r = 0.541p = 0.001 r = 0.320p = 0.070 r = 0.435p = 0.011 r = −0.036p = 0.844
Td number per million bacteria in total r = 0.691p < 0.001 r = 0.129p = 0.473 r = 0.609p < 0.001 r = 0.305p = 0.084 r = 0.412p = 0.017 r = −0.028p = 0.875
Tf number r = 0.576p < 0.001 r = −0.008p = 0.964 r = 0.615p < 0.001 r = 0.061p = 0.737 r = 0.406p = 0.019 r = −0.045p = 0.802
Tf number per million bacteria in total r = 0.593p < 0.001 r = −0.036p = 0.844 r = 0.637p < 0.001 r = 0.046p = 0.801 r = 0.328p = 0.063 r = −0.028p = 0.877
Pi number r = 0.285p = 0.107 r = −0.163p = 0.366 r = 0.400p = 0.021 r = −0.029p = 0.874 r = 0.347p = 0.048 r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pi number per million bacteria in total r = 0.305p = 0.084 r = −0.162p = 0.366 r = 0.402p = 0.021 r = −0.029p = 0.874 r = 0.349p = 0.047 r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pm number r = 0.051p = 0.778 r = −0.226p = 0.206 r = −0.021p = 0.908 r = 0.095p = 0.600 r = −0.033p = 0.853 r = −0.086p = 0.633
Pm number per million bacteria in total r = 0.061p = 0.736 r = −0.246p = 0.167 r = 0.065p = 0.720 r = 0.069p = 0.704 r = 0.002p = 0.993 r = −0.012p = 0.947
En number r = 0.235p = 0.188 r = 0.090p = 0.619 r = 0.306p = 0.083 r = 0.185p = 0.302 r = 0.041p = 0.823 r = −0.100p = 0.580
En number per million bacteria in total r = 0.243p = 0.173 r = 0.090p = 0.619 r = 0.306p = 0.083 r = 0.185p = 0.302 r = 0.037p = 0.836 r = −0.100p = 0.580
Cg number r = 0.268p = 0.132 r = 0.274p = 0.123 r = 0.003p = 0.986 r = −0.033p = 0.854 r = −0.146p = 0.419 r = −0.101p = 0.576
Cg number per million bacteria in total r = 0.321p = 0.068 r = 0.337p = 0.055 r = 0.064p = 0.722 r = 0.002p = 0.992 r = 0.032p = 0.856 r = 0.176p = 0.328

General characteristics, whole-mouth hygiene status, bleeding index, and probing depth in the study group

Variable Characteristics (n = 33)
Age (mean ± SD) 57.1 ± 10.9
Number of teeth (median, range) 25 (13–27)
Number of implants (median, range) 2 (1–9)
Body Mass Index (mean ± SD) 24.3 ± 4.0underweight (BMI < 18.5): 1 (3.0%)normal weight (18.5–24.9): 19 (58.0%)overweight (25.0–29.9): 10 (30.0%)obesity (BMI ≥ 30): 3 (9.0%)
Cigarette smoking (n, %) 9 (27.3%)
PI (mean ± SD) 38.4% ± 19.2 p.p.
API (mean ± SD) 68.2% ± 29.8 p.p.
BOP (mean ± SD) 23.2% ± 14.1 p.p.
Mean PD (mean ± SD) 2.4 ± 0.4 mm
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Life Sciences, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Virology, Medicine, Basic Medical Science, Immunology
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