This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Agarwal A., Mulgund A., Hamada A., Chyatte M.R. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015, 13:37.AgarwalA.MulgundA.HamadaA.ChyatteM.RA unique view on male infertility around the globe2015133710.1186/s12958-015-0032-1442452025928197Search in Google Scholar
Mewara H., Mewara J. A critical review on aetiology of Vandhytwa through Scientific approach. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 2020:2348-1269.MewaraH.MewaraJA critical review on aetiology of Vandhytwa through Scientific approach202023481269Search in Google Scholar
Lal N. India’s Hidden Infertility Struggles. The diplomat. 2018.LalNIndia’s Hidden Infertility Struggles2018Search in Google Scholar
Zahid. (2016, aug 5). National Health Portal. Retrieved may 21, 2020, from Infertility: https://www.nhp.gov.in/disease/reproductive-system/infertilityZahid2016aug 5National Health Portal212020from Infertilityhttps://www.nhp.gov.in/disease/reproductive-system/infertilitySearch in Google Scholar
Fourth National Family Health Survey of TFR, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India 20172017Search in Google Scholar
Wu W., Tang Q., Gu H., Chen Y., Xia Y., Sha J., Wang X. Infection and Infertility. InGenital Infections and Infertility 2016 Jun 29. IntechOpen.WuW.TangQ.GuH.ChenY.XiaY.ShaJ.WangXInfection and Infertility10.5772/62500Search in Google Scholar
Harris I.D., Fronczak C., Roth L., Meacham R.B. Fertility and the aging male. Reviews in urology 2011;13(4):e184.HarrisI.D.FronczakC.RothL.MeachamR.BFertility and the aging male2011134e184Search in Google Scholar
Iwamoto T., Nozawa S., Yoshiike M. Semen quality of Asian men. Reprod Med Biol 2007. 6(4),185–193.IwamotoT.NozawaS.YoshiikeMSemen quality of Asian men20076418519310.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x590475329699277Search in Google Scholar
Ji B.T., Shu X.O., Linet M.S., Zheng W., Wacholder S., Gao Y.T., Ying D.M., Jin F. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997; 89: 238-244.JiB.T.ShuX.O.LinetM.S.ZhengW.WacholderS.GaoY.T.YingD.M.JinFPaternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers19978923824410.1093/jnci/89.3.2389017004Search in Google Scholar
Kumar N., Singh A.K. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature. Journal of human reproductive sciences. 2015 Oct;8(4):191.KumarN.SinghA.KTrends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature2015Oct8419110.4103/0974-1208.170370469196926752853Search in Google Scholar
Stojanov M., Baud D., Greub G., Vulliemoz N. Male infertility: the intracellular bacterial hypothesis. New microbes and new infections. 2018; 26:37-41.StojanovM.BaudD.GreubG.VulliemozNMale infertility: the intracellular bacterial hypothesis201826374110.1016/j.nmni.2018.08.012613888030224969Search in Google Scholar
Ganguly S., Unisa S. Trends of Infertility and Childlessness in India: Findings from NFHS Data. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2010;2(2):131-138.GangulyS.UnisaSTrends of Infertility and Childlessness in India: Findings from NFHS Data201022131138Search in Google Scholar
Alahmar A., Dutta S., Sengupta P. Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and infertility. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2019;8(5):203.AlahmarA.DuttaS.SenguptaPThyroid hormones in male reproduction and infertility20198520310.4103/2305-0500.268135Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta P., Dutta S. Thyroid disorders and semen quality. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2018;11(1):01-10.SenguptaP.DuttaSThyroid disorders and semen quality2018111011010.13005/bpj/1342Search in Google Scholar
Castañeda Cortés, D.C., Langlois V.S., Fernandino J.I. Crossover of the hypothalamic pituitaryadrenal/interrenal, -thyroid, and -gonadal axes in testicular development. Front. Endocrinol. 2014; 5:139.Castañeda CortésD.C.LangloisV.S.FernandinoJ.I.Crossover of the hypothalamic pituitaryadrenal/interrenal, -thyroid, and -gonadal axes in testicular development2014513910.3389/fendo.2014.00139Search in Google Scholar
Jimoh O.A., Oyeyemi W.A., Okin-Aminu H.O., Oyeyemi B.F. Reproductive characteristics, semen quality, seminal oxidative status, steroid hormones, sperm production efficiency of rabbits fed herbal supplements. Theriogenology. 2021;168:41-9.JimohO.A.OyeyemiW.A.Okin-AminuH.O.OyeyemiB.FReproductive characteristics, semen quality, seminal oxidative status, steroid hormones, sperm production efficiency of rabbits fed herbal supplements202116841910.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.02033845263Search in Google Scholar
Trummer H., Ramschak-Schwarzer S., Haas J., Habermann H., Pummer K., Leb G. Thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies in infertile males. Fertility and sterility. 2001;76(2):254-7.TrummerH.Ramschak-SchwarzerS.HaasJ.HabermannH.PummerK.LebGThyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies in infertile males2001762254710.1016/S0015-0282(01)01875-111476769Search in Google Scholar
Lotti F., Maggi M. Sexual dysfunction and male infertility. Nature Reviews Urology. 2018; 15(5):287-307.LottiF.MaggiMSexual dysfunction and male infertility201815528730710.1038/nrurol.2018.2029532805Search in Google Scholar
(World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and SpermCervical Mucus Interactions.New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999).New YorkCambridge University Press;1999Search in Google Scholar
Kruger T.F., Acosta A.A., Simmons K.F., Swanson R.J., Matta J.F., Oehninger S. Predictive value of abnormal sperm morphology in in-vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1988;49:112-7.KrugerT.F.AcostaA.A.SimmonsK.F.SwansonR.J.MattaJ.F.OehningerSPredictive value of abnormal sperm morphology in in-vitro fertilization198849112710.1016/S0015-0282(16)59660-5Search in Google Scholar
Kumar Sharma M., Parchwani D., Maheria P., Upadhyah A. Relationship between thyroid profile and semen quality. Natl J Community Med. 2012;3:250-8.KumarSharma M.ParchwaniD.MaheriaP.UpadhyahARelationship between thyroid profile and semen quality201232508Search in Google Scholar
Zhang J.P., Meng Q.Y., Wang Q., Zhang L.J., Mao Y.L., Sun Z.X. Effect of smoking on semen quality of infertile men in Shandong, China. Asian J Androl. 2000;2 (2): 143-6.ZhangJ.P.MengQ.Y.WangQ.ZhangL.J.MaoY.L.SunZ.XEffect of smoking on semen quality of infertile men in Shandong, China2000221436Search in Google Scholar
Tandel H.K., Patel Y.K. Analysis of factors affecting the semen pathology in male infertility. Trop J Path Micro 2019;4(1):14-21.TandelH.K.PatelY.KAnalysis of factors affecting the semen pathology in male infertility201941142110.17511/jopm.2018.i01.03Search in Google Scholar
Zukerman Z., Rodriguez-Rigau L.J., Smith K.D., Steinberger E. Frequency distribution of sperm counts in fertile and infertile males. FertilSteril. 1977;28 (12): 1310-3.ZukermanZ.Rodriguez-RigauL.J.SmithK.D.SteinbergerEFrequency distribution of sperm counts in fertile and infertile males197728121310310.1016/S0015-0282(16)42975-4Search in Google Scholar
Villalta J., Ballesca J.L., Nicolas J.M., Martinez de Osaba, M.J., Antunez E., Pimentel C. Testicular function in asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (relation to ethanol intake). Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21:128.VillaltaJ.BallescaJ.L.NicolasJ.M.Martinez de OsabaM.J.AntunezE.PimentelC.Testicular function in asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (relation to ethanol intake)19972112810.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03740.xSearch in Google Scholar
Kort H.I., Massey J.B., Elsner C.W., Mitchell-Leef D., Shapiro D.B., Witt M.A., Roudebush W.E. Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006;27(3):450-2.KortH.I.MasseyJ.B.ElsnerC.W.Mitchell-LeefD.ShapiroD.B.WittM.A.RoudebushW.EImpact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality2006273450210.2164/jandrol.0512416339454Search in Google Scholar
Saxena S.C. Proceedings of the all India obstetrics and gynaecological congress 1973.SaxenaS.C1973Search in Google Scholar
Al-Ali B.M., Marszalek M., Shamloul R., Pummer K., Trummer H. Clinical parameters and semen analysis in 716 Austrian patients with varicocele. Urology. 2010; 75: 1069-1073Al-AliB.M.MarszalekM.ShamloulR.PummerK.TrummerHClinical parameters and semen analysis in 716 Austrian patients with varicocele2010751069107310.1016/j.urology.2009.11.04220138656Search in Google Scholar
Gunes, S., Agarwal A., Henkel R., Mahmutoglu A.M., Sharma R., Esteves S.C., Aljowair A., Emirzeoglu, D., Alkhani A., Pelegrini, L. et al. Association between promoter methylation of MLH1 and MSH2 and reactive oxygen species in oligozoospermic men- A pilot study. Andrologia 2018, 50, e12903.GunesS.AgarwalA.HenkelR.MahmutogluA.M.SharmaR.EstevesS.C.AljowairA.EmirzeogluD.AlkhaniA.PelegriniL.et alAssociation between promoter methylation of MLH1 and MSH2 and reactive oxygen species in oligozoospermic men- A pilot study201850e1290310.1111/and.1290328983945Search in Google Scholar
Singh, R., Hamada A.J., Agarwal A. Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and fertility. Open Reprod. Sci. J. 2011, 3, 98-104.SinghR.HamadaA.J.AgarwalAThyroid hormones in male reproduction and fertility201139810410.2174/1874255601103010098Search in Google Scholar
Alahmar A.T. Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: An Updated Review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2019, 12(1),4-18.AlahmarA.TRole of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: An Updated Review201912141810.4103/jhrs.JHRS_150_18647220731007461Search in Google Scholar
Abalovich M., Levalle O., Hermes R., Scaglia H., Aranda C., Zylbersztein C., Oneto A., Aquilano D., Gutierrez S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and seminal parameters in hyperthyroid males. Thyroid 1999, 9, 857-863.AbalovichM.LevalleO.HermesR.ScagliaH.ArandaC.ZylberszteinC.OnetoA.AquilanoD.GutierrezSHypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and seminal parameters in hyperthyroid males1999985786310.1089/thy.1999.9.85710524563Search in Google Scholar
Corrales Hernández J.J., Miralles García, J.M., García Diez, L.C. Primary hypothyroidism and human spermatogenesis. Arch. Androl. 1990, 25, 21-27.Corrales HernándezJ.J.Miralles GarcíaJ.M.García DiezL.C.Primary hypothyroidism and human spermatogenesis199025212710.3109/014850190089875902389988Search in Google Scholar
Nikoobakht M.R., Aloosh, M., Nikoobakht N., Mehrsay A.R., Biniaz F., Karjalian M.A. The role of hypothyroidism in male infertility and erectile dysfunction. Urol J. 2012; 9: 405-409.NikoobakhtM.R.AlooshM.NikoobakhtN.MehrsayA.R.BiniazF.KarjalianM.AThe role of hypothyroidism in male infertility and erectile dysfunction20129405409Search in Google Scholar
Krassas, G.E.; Papadopoulou, F.; Tziomalos, K.; Zeginiadou, T.; Pontikides, N. Hypothyroidism has an adverse effect on human spermatogenesis: A prospective, controlled study. Thyroid 2008; 18:1255-1259.KrassasG.EPapadopoulouF.TziomalosK.ZeginiadouT.PontikidesNHypothyroidism has an adverse effect on human spermatogenesis: A prospective, controlled study2008181255125910.1089/thy.2008.025719012472Search in Google Scholar
LeFevre, M.L. Screening for thyroid dysfunction: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015;162:641-650.LeFevreM.L.Screening for thyroid dysfunction: U.S201516264165010.7326/M15-0483Search in Google Scholar
Wagner M.S., Wajner, S.M., Maia A.L. Is there a role for thyroid hormone on spermatogenesis? Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009;72:796–808.WagnerM.S.WajnerS.M.MaiaA.LIs there a role for thyroid hormone on spermatogenesis? Microsc20097279680810.1002/jemt.2075919637394Search in Google Scholar
Corrales Hernández J.J., Miralles García, J.M.; García Diez, L.C. Primary hypothyroidism and human spermatogenesis. Arch. Androl. 1990; 25:21-27Corrales HernándezJ.J.Miralles GarcíaJ.M.García DiezL.C.Primary hypothyroidism and human spermatogenesis. Arch199025212710.3109/01485019008987590Search in Google Scholar
Clyde H.R., Walsh P.C., English R.W. Elevated plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels in infertile males with hyperthyroidism. Fertility and Sterility. 1976;27(6):662-6.ClydeH.R.WalshP.C.EnglishR.WElevated plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels in infertile males with hyperthyroidism1976276662610.1016/S0015-0282(16)41896-0Search in Google Scholar
Kidd G.S., glass A.R., Vigersky R.A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1979;48(5):798-802.KiddG.S.glassA.R.VigerskyR.AThe hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis197948579880210.1210/jcem-48-5-798372208Search in Google Scholar
La Vignera S., Vita R. Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;32:2058738418775241LaVignera S.VitaRThyroid dysfunction and semen quality201832205873841877524110.1177/2058738418775241594658729737216Search in Google Scholar