Help-seeking behavior in Norwegian adolescents: the role of bullying and cyberbullying victimization in a cross-sectional study
, oraz | 30 lip 2020
O artykule
Article Category: research-article
Data publikacji: 30 lip 2020
Zakres stron: 81 - 90
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2020-008
Słowa kluczowe
© 2020 Sabine Kaiser et al., published by sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Model 2: Generalized Linear Mixed Models predicting help-seeking behavior with different forms of bullying (N = 1845)
| Variable | B (SE) | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 923 (50.03) | 0.69 (0.17) | 1.99 [1.43, 2.77]*** |
| Male | 922 (49.97) | ||
| Grade | |||
| 10th | 573 (31.06) | 0.21 (0.16) | 1.24 [0.99, 1.70] |
| 9th | 561 (30.41) | -0.06 (0.17) | 0.94 [0.67, 1.31] |
| 8th | 711 (38.54) | ||
| Foreign background | |||
| No | 1756 (95.18) | 0.88 (0.37) | 2.41 [1.17, 4.99]* |
| Yes | 89 (4.82) | ||
| Do the difficulties worry you? | |||
| A great deal | 48 (2.60) | 1.63 (0.35) | 5.10 [2.56, 10.16]*** |
| Quite a lot | 228 (12.36) | 1.59 (0.21) | 4.91 [3.25, 7.42]*** |
| Only a little | 514 (27.86) | 0.95 (0.17) | 2.57 [1.85, 3.58]*** |
| Not at all | 1055 (57.18) | ||
| Do the difficulties make it harder for those around you (e.g., family, friends)? | |||
| A great deal | 26 (1.41) | 2.28 (0.46) | 9.81 [3.99, 24.12]*** |
| Quite a lot | 167 (9.05) | 1.21 (0.21) | 3.38 [2.24, 5.10]*** |
| Only a little | 396 (21.46) | 0.69 (0.16) | 1.99 [1.45, 2.72]*** |
| Not at all | 1256 (68.08) | ||
| Mental health (SDQ) | |||
| Emotional symptoms | 1845 (100) | 0.18 (0.03) | 1.19 [1.11, 1.28]*** |
| Conduct problems | 1845 (100) | 0.04 (0.05) | 1.04 [0.94, 1.14] |
| Hyperactivity | 1845 (100) | -0.01 (0.03) | 0.99 [0.92, 1.06] |
| Peer-problems | 1845 (100) | 0.09 (0.04) | 1.09 [1.00, 1.18] |
| Cyberbully victim | |||
| Yes | 214 (11.60) | -0.03 (0.20) | 0.98 [0.65, 1.46] |
| No | 1631 (88.40) | ||
| Has someone bullied you in these ways: | |||
| Made fun of you because of religion or race (1=yes) | 58 (3.14) | -0.67 (0.37) | 0.51 [0.25, 1.06] |
| Made fun of you because of your looks or way you talk 1=yes) | 370 (20.05) | 0.27 (0.18) | 1.31 [0.93, 1.84] |
| Hit, slapped, pushed, or punched you (1=yes) | 409 (22.17) | 0.24 (0.19) | 1.26 [0.88, 1.82] |
| Spread rumors or mean lies about you (1=yes) | 630 (34.15) | 0.38 (0.18) | 1.46 [1.03, 2.06]* |
| Directed sexual jokes, comments, or gestures at you (1=yes) | 261 (14.15) | 0.18 (0.19) | 1.20 [0.83, 1.72] |
| Left you out during recess or lunch time (1=yes) | 358 (19.40) | 0.13 (0.19) | 1.14 [0.79, 1.65] |
| Not talking or answering to you (1=yes) | 682 (36.96) | 0.01 (0.18) | 1.01 [0.71, 1.44] |
| Called you names (1=yes) | 713 (38.64) | 0.01 (0.18) | 1.01 [0.71, 1.43] |
| Spoke ill of you (1=yes) | 822 (44.55) | -0.11 (0.20) | 0.90 [0.61, 1.33] |
| Took your money (1=yes) | 212 (11.49) | 0.01 (0.22) | 1.01 [0.66, 1.55] |
| Made you work for other students, such as homework or carrying bags for them (1=yes) | 65 (3.52) | 0.36 (0.33) | 1.44 [0.76, 2.73] |
| Took away your school supplies and snacks (1=yes) | 251 (13.60) | -0.10 (0.21) | 0.90 [0.60, 1.37] |
| Threatened to hurt you or beat you up (1=yes) | 241 (13.06) | 0.16 (0.22) | 1.17 [0.75, 1.82] |
| Chased you like he or she was really trying to hurt you (1=yes) | 131 (7.10) | 0.04 (0.27) | 1.04 [0.62, 1.76] |
| Pulled your hair (1=yes) | 384 (20.81) | -0.28 (0.18) | 0.76 [0.53, 1.08] |
| Left you out of what he or she was doing (1=yes) | 664 (35.99) | -0.05 (0.18) | 0.95 [0.67, 1.35] |
| Left you out of an activity or conversation that you really wanted to be included in (1=yes) | 529 (28.67) | 0.16 (0.19) | 1.17 [0.82, 1.69] |
| Did not invite you at a party or other social event even though he or she knew that you wanted to go (1=yes) | 530 (28.73) | 0.06 (0.17) | 1.07 [0.77, 1.49] |
| A student you wanted to be with would not sit near to you at lunch or in class (1=yes) | 246 (13.33) | -0.41 (0.20) | 0.67 [0.45, 0.99]* |
| A student told you he or she won’t like you unless you do what they say (1=yes) | 171 (9.27) | -0.36 (0.23) | 0.70 [0.44, 1.10] |
Model 1: Generalized Linear Mixed Models predicting help-seeking behavior (N = 1924)
| Variable | B (SE) | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 963 (50.05) | 0.66 (0.15) | 1.93 [1.43, 2.60]*** |
| Male | 961 (49.95) | ||
| Grade | |||
| 10th | 597 (31.03) | 0.32 (0.15) | 1.37 [1.01, 1.86]* |
| 9th | 585 (30.41) | 0.10 (0.16) | 1.11 [0.81, 1.52] |
| 8th | 742 (38.57) | ||
| Foreign background | |||
| No | 1826 (94.91) | 1.06 (0.35) | 2.87 [1.45, 5.69]** |
| Yes | 98 (5.09) | ||
| Do the difficulties worry you? | |||
| A great deal | 53 (2.75) | 1.45 (0.34) | 4.25 [2.20, 8.22]*** |
| Quite a lot | 239 (12.42) | 1.54 (0.20) | 4.64 [3.14, 6.87]*** |
| Only a little | 531 (27.60) | 0.94 (0.16) | 2.57 [1.88, 3.52]*** |
| Not at all | 1101 (57.22) | ||
| Do the difficulties make it harder for those around you (e.g., family, friends)? | |||
| A great deal | 29 (1.51) | 2.24 (0.42) | 9.36 [4.10, 21.35]*** |
| Quite a lot | 179 (9.30) | 1.30 (0.20) | 3.68 [2.48, 5.46]*** |
| Only a little | 417 (21.67) | 0.71 (0.15) | 2.04 [1.51, 2.75]*** |
| Not at all | 1299 (67.52) | ||
| Mental health (SDQ) | |||
| Emotional symptoms | 1924 (100) | 0.18 (0.03) | 1.20 [1.12, 1.28]*** |
| Conduct problems | 1924 (100) | 0.05 (0.05) | 1.04 [0.96, 1.15] |
| Hyperactivity | 1924 (100) | 0.00 (0.03) | 1.00 [0.94, 1.07] |
| Peer-problems | 1924 (100) | 0.07 (0.04) | 1.07 [0.99, 1.16] |
| Traditional bully victim | |||
| Yes | 262 (13.62) | 0.40 (0.17) | 1.49 [1.06, 2.09]* |
| No | 1662 (86.38) | ||
| Cyberbully victim | |||
| Yes | 229 (11.90) | 0.08 (0.18) | 1.08 [0.76, 1.54] |
| No | 1695 (88.90) | ||
Model 3: Generalized Linear Mixed Models predicting help-seeking behavior with different forms of cyberbullying (N = 1887)
| Variable | B (SE) | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 943 (49.97) | 0.65 (0.16) | 1.92 [1.41, 2.61]*** |
| Male | 944 (50.03) | ||
| Grade | |||
| 10th | 587 (31.11) | 0.29 (0.16) | 1.33 [0.98, 1.81] |
| 9th | 571 (30.26) | 0.07 (0.16) | 1.08 [0.78, 1.48] |
| 8th | 729 (38.63) | ||
| Foreign background | |||
| No | 1796 (95.18) | 0.91 (0.35) | 2.47 [1.25, 4.90]** |
| Yes | 91 (4.82) | ||
| Do the difficulties worry you? | |||
| A great deal | 52 (2.76) | 1.52 (0.34) | 4.57 [2.34, 8.95]*** |
| Quite a lot | 234 (12.40) | 1.59 (0.20) | 4.88 [3.28, 7.28]*** |
| Only a little | 517 (27.40) | 0.98 (0.16) | 2.66 [1.93, 3.67]*** |
| Not at all | 1084 (57.45) | ||
| Do the difficulties make it harder for those around you (e.g., family, friends)? | |||
| A great deal | 27 (1.43) | 2.14 (0.44) | 8.53 [3.62, 20.07]*** |
| Quite a lot | 176 (9.33) | 1.26 (0.20) | 3.53 [2.37, 5.26]*** |
| Only a little | 409 (21.67) | 0.68 (0.15) | 1.97 [1.45, 2.67]*** |
| Not at all | 1275 (67.57) | ||
| Mental health (SDQ) | |||
| Emotional symptoms | 1887 (100) | 0.18 (0.03) | 1.19 [1.12, 1.27]*** |
| Conduct problems | 1887 (100) | 0.05 (0.05) | 1.05 [0.95, 1.15] |
| Hyperactivity | 1887 (100) | -0.00 (0.03) | 1.00 [0.94, 1.07] |
| Peer-problems | 1887 (100) | 0.07 (0.04) | 1.07 [0.99, 1.16] |
| Traditional bully victim | |||
| Yes | 255 (13.51) | 0.46 (0.18) | 1.58 [1.11, 2.26]* |
| No | 1632 (86.49) | ||
| Have you been cyberbullied in these ways: | |||
| Ignored (1=yes) | 440 (23.32) | 0.09 (0.17) | 1.09 [0.78, 1.53] |
| Disrespected (1=yes) | 354 (18.76) | 0.29 (0.20) | 1.34 [0.91, 1.98] |
| Called names (1=yes) | 340 (18.02) | -0.29 (0.19) | 0.75 [0.51, 1.10] |
| Rumors spread (1=yes) | 333 (17.65) | 0.47 (0.18) | 1.60 [1.11, 2.29]* |
| Been threatened (1=yes) | 129 (6.84) | -0.01 (0.27) | 0.99 [0.58, 1.68] |
| Been e-mail bombed (1=yes) | 245 (12.98) | 0.27 (0.19) | 1.31 [0.90, 1.90] |
| Picked on (1=yes) | 255 (13.51) | -0.17 (0.21) | 0.84 [0.55, 1.28] |
| Been ridiculed (1=yes) | 328 (17.38) | -0.35 (0.20) | 0.70 [0.47, 1.05] |
| Been scared for safety (1=yes) | 112 (5.94) | -0.32 (0.26) | 0.72 [0.43, 1.22] |