Global Knowledge-Intensive Business Services Trade Flows. The Revealed Competitive Position of Europe and Central and Eastern Europe

Fig. 1.

KIBS export values in USD million and CAGR for exports 2005–2021 based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	CAGR 2005–2021
Poland	8449	10,364	13,440	17,300	15,197	18,388	20,360	20,123	21,479	24,951	24,235	26,253	30,587	36,663	39,753	41,943	48,107	11.5
Czechia	6864	8168	10,145	11,992	11,070	11,362	14,153	14,399	15,220	16,547	14,758	16,048	18,244	20,878	22,087	20,889	24,451	8.3
Romania	4004	5089	6601	8400	7438	7102	8501	8446	10,828	12,270	11,922	12,213	14,108	17,437	18,851	19,764	23,209	11.6
Hungary	6812	7625	9938	12,047	11,257	11,364	12,940	12,017	13,262	14,599	13,157	14,031	15,562	17,343	18,676	18,424	19,780	6.9
Slovakia	3083	3562	4374	5206	4474	4371	5191	5276	6736	6900	6075	6802	7397	8455	8605	8897	9815	7.5
Bulgaria	1428	1784	2371	2947	2469	2540	2872	3019	3027	3667	3559	3708	3926	4547	5222	5761	6950	10.4
Estonia	967	1115	1494	2029	1770	1847	2188	2357	2537	2887	2529	2747	3180	3887	3826	5050	6709	12.9
Lithuania	719	837	1023	1345	1180	1202	1382	1633	1942	2123	1955	2286	2810	3446	3947	4602	6206	14.4
Slovenia	1662	1958	2388	2967	2643	2642	3037	3040	3245	3594	3208	3485	4013	4410	4697	4854	5564	7.8
Croatia	2214	2449	2695	3160	2828	2827	3038	2923	2823	3092	2913	3085	3425	3991	4367	4384	5541	5.9
Latvia	845	986	1363	1667	1448	1481	1756	1802	1986	2077	1876	2169	2514	2991	3170	3377	4195	10.5
Albania	95	117	139	270	260	285	297	270	308	298	257	295	442	384	408	431	495	10.8

Changes in the structure of global KIBS flows 2021 vs 2005 based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

Reporter	Destination
	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
Africa	0.0	0.0	0.1	−0.2	0.0	−0.1
Americas	−0.1	−0.8	0.8	−0.4	0.0	−0.5
Asia	0.2	1.0	3.9	1.3	0.4	6.8
Europe	−0.5	−0.7	1.1	−6.1	0.2	−6.0
Oceania	0.0	−0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	−0.1
Total	−0.4	−0.5	5.9	−5.5	0.5	0.0

KIBS RCA values for top 10 global exporters in 2021 based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
USA	0.90	0.90	0.89	0.90	0.89	0.88	0.87	0.87	0.87	0.86	0.86	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.87	0.85	0.88
GBR	1.14	1.14	1.12	1.12	1.11	1.15	1.12	1.13	1.12	1.12	1.10	1.12	1.13	1.16	1.14	1.08	1.12
IRL	1.77	1.74	1.74	1.77	1.75	1.90	1.89	1.84	1.77	1.75	1.84	2.00	1.96	1.86	2.32	1.87	1.62
DEU	1.30	1.27	1.29	1.27	1.25	1.30	1.31	1.33	1.31	1.27	1.26	1.23	1.23	1.21	1.19	1.09	1.07
NLD	1.42	1.40	1.40	1.37	1.31	1.23	1.20	1.19	1.16	1.25	1.39	1.22	1.24	1.26	1.18	1.18	1.21
FRA	1.16	1.15	1.13	1.13	1.11	1.14	1.11	1.14	1.17	1.20	1.18	1.18	1.13	1.15	1.10	1.04	1.01
CHN	0.73	0.72	0.80	0.82	0.88	0.82	0.91	0.88	0.93	0.95	0.94	0.96	0.92	0.94	0.94	0.89	0.84
SGP	1.00	1.04	1.00	1.00	1.02	0.99	1.01	1.05	1.11	1.15	1.14	1.22	1.26	1.21	1.17	1.10	1.10
CHE	1.40	1.38	1.35	1.35	1.35	1.40	1.43	1.49	1.47	1.45	1.40	1.41	1.43	1.42	1.39	1.29	1.29
IND	1.58	1.53	1.51	1.48	1.45	1.51	1.44	1.46	1.44	1.40	1.42	1.41	1.38	1.38	1.34	1.24	1.28

KIBS RCA values for CEE states (2005–2021) based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
ALB	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.19	0.20	0.23	0.21	0.22	0.23	0.20	0.19	0.19	0.25	0.18	0.18	0.22	0.16
BGR	0.57	0.61	0.57	0.59	0.55	0.63	0.62	0.61	0.56	0.59	0.63	0.59	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.70	0.69
CZE	0.91	0.93	0.94	0.90	0.92	0.92	0.99	1.02	1.01	1.02	0.97	0.98	0.98	0.99	1.01	0.94	0.99
EST	0.60	0.60	0.67	0.71	0.72	0.72	0.69	0.72	0.69	0.71	0.72	0.74	0.77	0.76	0.75	0.95	0.98
HRV	0.52	0.49	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.46	0.44	0.43	0.42	0.41	0.42	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.42	0.54	0.46
HUN	1.04	1.06	1.09	1.10	1.10	1.13	1.13	1.12	1.13	1.11	1.08	1.05	1.03	1.03	1.05	1.10	1.07
LTU	0.43	0.42	0.42	0.44	0.48	0.48	0.44	0.48	0.49	0.47	0.46	0.48	0.49	0.50	0.47	0.48	0.54
LVA	0.72	0.68	0.68	0.66	0.66	0.72	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.67	0.65	0.70	0.72	0.75	0.75	0.78	0.88
POL	0.85	0.85	0.82	0.88	0.88	1.02	0.96	0.94	0.89	0.90	0.92	0.89	0.89	0.91	0.89	0.85	0.84
ROU	0.78	0.84	0.91	0.92	0.96	0.92	0.93	0.90	1.01	0.99	0.99	0.95	0.95	0.99	0.99	0.95	0.96
SVK	0.96	0.95	0.96	1.00	1.04	0.97	0.97	0.95	1.09	1.05	1.00	1.01	1.00	0.99	0.94	0.90	0.93
SVN	0.81	0.83	0.81	0.80	0.80	0.82	0.83	0.85	0.83	0.85	0.84	0.82	0.80	0.77	0.77	0.79	0.78

Global KIBS flows in 2021 (USD million) based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

Reporter	Destination
	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
Africa	981	4017	7750	14,384	418	27,551
Americas	7067	107,361	110,179	220,363	7188	452,158
Asia	13,327	108,978	245,093	182,821	15,549	565,769
Europe	22,073	173,786	204,770	804,595	14,545	1,219,769
Oceania	469	4496	7361	6869	2437	21,632
Total	43,918	398,639	575,153	1,229,032	40,137	2,286,879

The structure of global KIBS flows in 2021 based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

Reporter	Destination
	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
Africa	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.6	0.0	1.2
Americas	0.3	4.7	4.8	9.6	0.3	19.8
Asia	0.6	4.8	10.7	8.0	0.7	24.7
Europe	1.0	7.6	9.0	35.2	0.6	53.3
Oceania	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.9
Total	1.9	17.4	25.2	53.7	1.8	100.0

Global KIBS flows – CAGR 2005–2021 based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

Reporter	Destination
	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
Africa	8.5	6.8	10.2	6.5	10.0	7.5
Americas	5.7	7.0	9.2	7.8	8.3	7.9
Asia	10.4	9.7	11.2	9.2	13.6	10.2
Europe	5.5	7.4	9.0	7.0	10.1	7.3
Oceania	5.0	6.3	7.1	8.2	6.2	7.1
Total	6.7	7.8	9.9	7.4	10.5	8.0

Global KIBS flows in 2005 (USD million) based on the BaTIS database of WTO-OECD_

Reporter	Destination
	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
Africa	266	1394	1636	5232	91	8620
Americas	2915	36,231	26,764	66,745	2009	134,665
Asia	2747	24,731	45,111	44,715	2018	119,322
Europe	9411	55,188	51,771	274,048	3115	393,533
Oceania	214	1690	2440	1956	929	7229
Total	15,554	119,233	127,722	392,696	8,163	663,368