<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_raon-2020-0035_s_008_w2aab3b7c28b1b6b1aab1c16b1Aa"><h3>Background</h3><p>Severe bleeding after blunt maxillofacial trauma is a rare but life-threatening event. Non-responders to conventional treatment options with surgically inaccessible bleeding points can be treated by transarterial embolization (TAE) of the external carotid artery (ECA) or its branches. Case series on such embolizations are small; considering the relatively high incidence of maxillofacial trauma, the ECA TAE procedure has been hypothesized either underused or underreported. In addition, the literature on the ECA TAE using novel non-adhesive liquid embolization agents is remarkably scarce.</p></sec><sec id="j_raon-2020-0035_s_009_w2aab3b7c28b1b6b1aab1c16b2Aa"><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p>PubMed review was performed to identify the ECA TAE literature in the context of blunt maxillofacial trauma. If available, the location of the ECA injury, the location of embolization, the chosen embolization agent, and efficacy and safety of the TAE were noted for each case. Survival prognostic factors were also reviewed. Additionally, we present an illustrative TAE case using a precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) to safely and effectively control a massive bleeding originating bilaterally in the ECA territories.</p></sec><sec id="j_raon-2020-0035_s_010_w2aab3b7c28b1b6b1aab1c16b3Aa"><h3>Results and conclusions</h3><p>Based on a review of 205 cases, the efficacy of TAE was 79.4–100%, while the rate of major complications was about 2–4%. Successful TAE haemostasis, Glasgow Coma Scale score ≥ 8 at presentation, injury severity score ≤ 32, shock index ≤ 1.1 before TAE and ≤ 0.8 after TAE were significantly correlated with higher survival rate. PHIL allowed for fast yet punctilious application, thus saving invaluable time in life-threatening situations while simultaneously diminishing the possibility of inadvertent injection into the ECA-internal carotid artery (ICA) anastomoses.</p></sec></abstract>

BackgroundSevere bleeding after blunt maxillofacial trauma is a rare but life-threatening event. Non-responders to conventional treatment options with surgically inaccessible bleeding points can be treated by transarterial embolization (TAE) of the external carotid artery (ECA) or its branches. Case series on such embolizations are small; considering the relatively high incidence of maxillofacial trauma, the ECA TAE procedure has been hypothesized either underused or underreported. In addition, the literature on the ECA TAE using novel non-adhesive liquid embolization agents is remarkably scarce.Patients and methodsPubMed review was performed to identify the ECA TAE literature in the context of blunt maxillofacial trauma. If available, the location of the ECA injury, the location of embolization, the chosen embolization agent, and efficacy and safety of the TAE were noted for each case. Survival prognostic factors were also reviewed. Additionally, we present an illustrative TAE case using a precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) to safely and effectively control a massive bleeding originating bilaterally in the ECA territories.Results and conclusionsBased on a review of 205 cases, the efficacy of TAE was 79.4–100%, while the rate of major complications was about 2–4%. Successful TAE haemostasis, Glasgow Coma Scale score ≥ 8 at presentation, injury severity score ≤ 32, shock index ≤ 1.1 before TAE and ≤ 0.8 after TAE were significantly correlated with higher survival rate. PHIL allowed for fast yet punctilious application, thus saving invaluable time in life-threatening situations while simultaneously diminishing the possibility of inadvertent injection into the ECA-internal carotid artery (ICA) anastomoses.

Transarterial embolization of the external carotid artery in the treatment of life-threatening haemorrhage following blunt maxillofacial trauma

Radiology and Oncology

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BackgroundSevere bleeding after blunt maxillofacial trauma is a rare but life-threatening event. Non-responders to conventional treatment options with...

Transarterial embolization of the external carotid artery in the treatment of life-threatening haemorrhage following blunt maxillofacial trauma

Article Category: Review

Pubblicato online: 28 mag 2020

Pagine: 253 - 262

Ricevuto: 07 feb 2020

Accettato: 22 apr 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2020-0035

© 2020 Crt Langel, Dimitrij Lovric, Ursa Zabret, Tomislav Mirkovic, Primoz Gradisek, Anita Mrvar-Brecko, Katarina Surlan Popovic, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.