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Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties of short aramid fiber on thermoplastic polymers

Ali Arı

Ali Arı

Department of Weapon Industry Technician, Vocational School of Higher Education, Ostim Technical UniversityAnkara, Turkey
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Arı, Ali
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Ali Bayram

Ali Bayram

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
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Bayram, Ali
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Mehmet Karahan

Mehmet Karahan

Department of Textile, Vocational School of Higher Education Bursa Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
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Karahan, Mehmet
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Orhun Arslan

Orhun Arslan

Kırpart Automotive Side Industry and Trade Inc.Bursa, Turkey
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Arslan, Orhun
  
14 ago 2023
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Pubblicato online: 14 ago 2023
Pagine: 161 - 176
Ricevuto: 13 gen 2023
Accettato: 05 mag 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0012
Parole chiave
© 2023 Ali Arı et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Press molding production parameters
Press molding production parameters

Fig. 2.

Tensile test results of composites
Tensile test results of composites

Fig. 3.

Fiber efficiency factor in composites
Fiber efficiency factor in composites

Fig. 4.

SEM images of 30 vol% AF reinforced composite surfaces: (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix
SEM images of 30 vol% AF reinforced composite surfaces: (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix

Fig. 5.

SEM images of fractured surfaces of 30 vol% AF-reinforced composites (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix
SEM images of fractured surfaces of 30 vol% AF-reinforced composites (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix

Fig. 6.

Three-point bending test results of the composites
Three-point bending test results of the composites

Fig. 7.

Drop weight impact test results of the composites
Drop weight impact test results of the composites

Fig. 8.

SEM images of fractured surfaces of 30% AF reinforced composites (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix
SEM images of fractured surfaces of 30% AF reinforced composites (a) PP matrix, (b) PE matrix, (c) PA6 matrix, (d) PA12 matrix

Fig. 9.

Hardness test results of the composites
Hardness test results of the composites

Fig. 10.

(a) S/N ratios for tensile strength, (b) S/N ratio for flexural strength, (c) S/N ratio for dropped weight, (d) S/N ratio for hardness-shore D
(a) S/N ratios for tensile strength, (b) S/N ratio for flexural strength, (c) S/N ratio for dropped weight, (d) S/N ratio for hardness-shore D

Fig. 11.

Scatter diagrams for assessing the generated regression equations for mechanical properties of composites
Scatter diagrams for assessing the generated regression equations for mechanical properties of composites

Results of ANOVA

For Tensile Test
S/N ratio: 35.75 Average S/N Values
Degrees of Freedom Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Sum of Squares Variance F Content of Contribution (%)
A-Matrix Type 3 34.87 30.84 41.86 38.00 262.44 87.48 84.77 73.68
B-Fiber volume fraction % 3 32.83 35.81 37.73 39.20 90.67 30.22 29.29 25.45
Error 8 8.26 1.03 0.87
Total 14 361.36 118.73
For Three-Point Bend Test
S/N ratio: 35.07 Average S/N Values
Degrees of Freedom Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Sum of Squares Variance F Content of Contribution (%)
A-Matrix Type 3 32.64 29.86 39.34 38.44 250.54 83.51 346.5 91.56
B-Fiber volume fraction % 3 33.45 34.56 35.67 36.60 22.38 7.46 30.94 8.18
Error 8 1.93 0.24 0.26
Total 14 274.84 91.21
For Drop Weight Test
S/N ratio: 59.97 Average S/N Values
Degrees of Freedom Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Sum of Squares Variance F Content of Contribution (%)
A-Matrix Type 3 57.68 59.76 63.06 59.36 60.84 20.28 25.47 58.62
B-Fiber volume fraction % 3 57.72 59.66 60.33 62.17 40.56 13.52 16.98 39.08
Error 8 6.37 0.80 2.30
Total 14 107.77 34.60
Hardness Test
S/N ratio: 36.44 Average S/N Values
Degrees of Freedom Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Sum of Squares Variance F Content of Contribution (%)
A-Matrix Type 3 36.80 35.03 37.27 36.66 11.41 3.80 73.58 80.25
B-Fiber volume fraction % 3 35.75 36.55 36.68 36.78 2.65 0.88 17.11 18.66
Error 8 0.41 0.05 1.09
Total 14 14.48 4.74

Experimental design

Experiment No. A-Matrix Type B-Fiber volume fraction %
1 1 1
2 2 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
5 1 2
6 1 3
7 1 4
8 2 2
9 2 3
10 2 4
11 3 2
12 3 3
13 3 4
14 4 2
15 4 3
16 4 4

S/N ratios of experimental results

Experiment No Tensile strength (MPa) S/N Flexural strength (MPa) S/N Maximum force in drop weight (N) S/N Hardness Shore D S/N
1 38 31.60 32 30.10 580.46 55.28 65 36.26
2 19 25.58 27 28.63 672.48 56.55 50 33.98
3 85 38.59 81 38.17 1189.23 61.51 70 36.90
4 60 35.56 70 36.90 752.70 57.53 62 35.85
5 54.39 34.71 41.98 32.46 698.43 56.88 69 36.76
6 63.07 36.00 46.58 33.36 738.55 57.37 71 36.96
7 72.16 37.17 53.79 34.61 1149.10 61.21 72 37.19
8 36.97 31.36 30.02 29.55 941.47 59.48 59 35.34
9 42.33 32.53 32.55 30.25 1111.40 60.92 59 35.36
10 49.48 33.89 35.57 31.02 1274.20 62.10 59 35.43
11 103.18 40.27 84.65 38.55 1356.80 62.65 74 37.34
12 153.27 43.71 98.3 39.85 1451.10 63.23 74 37.41
13 174.90 44.86 109.3 40.77 1750.80 64.86 74 37.42
14 69.90 36.89 76.47 37.67 957.99 59.63 69 36.75
15 85.73 38.66 91.15 39.20 976.86 59.80 71 36.99
16 110.60 40.88 100.1 40.01 1059.40 60.50 71 37.06

Regression equations for predicting the mechanical properties of composites

Property Regression Conditions W (Fiber volume fraction) P (Strength parameter) Regression Equation
Tensile W1=1, W2=2,W3=3, W4=4 P1=19, P2=38, P3=85,P4=60 y(W, P) =1.129898 ·W0.5408653, p0.9532715
Three-point bending W1=1, W2=2,W3=3, W4=4 P1=32, P2=27, P3=81, P4=70 y(W, P) =1.408406·W0.2568704·p0.9089538
Drop weight W1=1, W2=2,W3=3, W4=4 P1=580.46, P2=672.48, P3=1189.23, P4=752.70 y(W, P) =4.797744·W0.3307587·p0.7647516
Hardness W1=1, W2=2,W3=3, W4=4 P1=65, P2=50, P3=70, P4=62 y(W, P) =2.814354·W0.798804·P0.7526531

Experiment factors and levels

Factors 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level
A-Matrix PP PE PA6 PA12
Type
B-Fiber volume fraction % 0* 10 20 30

Mechanical properties of materials

Materials Density (kg/m3) Tensile Strength (MPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Types Producers
PP 0.9 38 1.2 EH251 Petkim
PE 0.95 24 1 High density, B00552 Petkim
PA6 1.13 85 2 F223-D Akulon
PA12 1.02 60 1.5 AMN Black T6LD Arkema Rilsamid
AF 1.44 2800 60 Short-cut fiber Twaron

Surface energies of polymers and aramid fiber

Materials Surface Energy (mN/m) References
PP 30–31 [33–36]
PE 30-31 [33–36]
PA6 38 [33, 35]
PA12 36 [33, 35, 36]
AF 51 [37, 38]
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