Antifungal Activities of Propolis and its Main Components with an Emphasis Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Geographical origin	Tested extract	Pathogen/Origin	Analysed parameter	Method	Results	References
Turkey	EEP	Aspergillus versicolor Penicillium aurantiogriseum (isolated from Turkish cheese)	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%)EEP concentration 10%: 100% inhibition on all the samples and the 2 strainsEEP concentration 5%: >30% inhibitionEEP concentration 1%: >15% inhibition	[36]
Hamaraya, Ethiopia	EEP	Fusarium sp.Aspergillus niger (isolated from avocado)	Relative inhibition of mycelium growth	Agar medium dilution method	Significant inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹ for Aspergillus niger and Fusarium sp.	[30]
5 different regions of Turkey	MEP	Alternaria alternataFusarium oxysporum	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%) as of D+3F. oxysporum: 100% for 2 regions (at 2% and 5% concentration) >52% for the 3 others (from a 2% concentration)A. alternata. 100% for 2 regions at a 5% concentration	[25]
Temuco, Chile	EEP	Alternaria alternata Fusarium sp. Botrytis cinerea Penicillium expansum	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	100% inhibition for all the fungi at an EEP concentration = 2.5% except for B.cinerea = at 5%Inhibition still better than with the chemical fungicide	[45]
Baoding County, Hebei Province, China	EEPP-FrE-FrB-FrW-Fr	Penicillium italicum (isolated from citrus blue mould)	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%)EEP extract (1200 mg L⁻¹): 93.20%P-Fr extract (200 mg L⁻¹): 35.40%E-Fr extract (200 mg L⁻¹): 100%B-Fr extract (200 mg L⁻¹): 25%W-Fr extract (200 mg L⁻¹): 6.82%	[46]
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia	EPEMCH₂Cl₂EtOAcMeOH	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) and mango (Mangifera indica))Botryodiplodia theobromae (isolated from avocado, Persea americana)	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%) on C. gloeosporioides (mango), C. gloeosporioides (papaya), B. theobromae, respectivelyEPEM extract: 39.8%, 26.1%, 29%CH₂Cl₂ extract: 47.6%, 38.1, 23.5%EtOAc extract: 6.5%, 11.6%, 5.7%MeOH extract: 9.9%, 5.2%, 4.9%	[49]
Sao Paulo, Brazil	EEP	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%)EEP concentration 2.5%: total inhibitionEEP concentration 0.5/1.0/1.5/2.0%: partial inhibition	[4]
China	EEP	Colletotrichum capsici (isolated from capsicum)	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Agar medium dilution method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%)EEP concentration 0.25%: 66.1% inhibitionEEP concentration 0.50%: 84.3% inhibitionEEP concentration 0.75%: 89% inhibition	[64]
Tehran-Khojir, northern Iran	EEP	Aspergillus niger	Determination of MIC value	Liquid medium dilution method	MIC value (μg mL⁻¹)Aspergillus niger: 500	[44]
El-Aslogy, Zagazig, Egypt	EEP	Aspergillus flavus (isolated from pealed peanut seed)	Percentage of spore germination	Liquid medium dilution method	For EEP concentrations varying from 3 to 4g L⁻¹: 56 to 76% reduction in spore germination percentage	[57]
San Juan province, Argentina	EEP	Aspergillus flavusApsergillus niger	Determination of MIC value	Liquid medium dilution method	Species of the genus Aspergillus are not susceptible to extracts of urban propolis (MIC > 250 μg mL⁻¹)	[58]
‘El Siambon’ Tucuman, Argentina	PPPE	Aspergillus niger (isolated from citrus)Fusarium sp. Penicillium notatum	Determination of MIC value	Liquid medium dilution method	MIC value (μg mL⁻¹)Aspergillus niger: 232 ± 0.12Fusarium sp. (20), (21), (22) : 349 ± 0.15, 310 ± 0.10, 194 ± 0.10Penicillium notatum: 349 ± 0.14	[33]
Sao Paulo, Brazil	EEP	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	Percentage of spore germination inhibition	Liquid medium dilution method	Spore germination inhibition (%)EEP concentration 0.5%: 1.78% inhibitionEEP concentration 1.0%: 47.3% inhibitionEEP concentration 1.5%: 96.4% inhibitionEEP concentration 2.0%: 100% inhibitionEEP concentration 2.5%: 100% inhibition	[4]
‘El Siambon’ Tucuman, Argentina	PPPE	Aspergillus niger (isolated from citrus)Fusarium sp. Penicillium notatum	Percentage of mycelium growth inhibition	Paper disc diffusion method	Mycelium growth inhibition (%)Aspergillus niger: 60.4 ± 0.04Fusarium sp. (20), (21), (22): 63.1 ± 0.03, 59.9 ± 0.03, 59.1 ± 0.04Penicillium notatum: 44.6 ± 0.05	[33]
‘El Siambon’ Tucuman, Argentina	PPPE	Aspergillus niger (isolated from citrus)Fusarium sp. Penicillium notatum	Compounds displaying activity potential	TLC bioautography	Discovery of phenolic compounds	[33]
Baoding County, Hebei Province, China	EEPP-FrE-FrB-FrW-Fr	Penicillium italicum (isolated from citrus blue mould)	Compounds displaying activity potential	TLC bioautography	Identification: pinobanksin, pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin	[46]

Chemical composition of propolis extracts depending on geographical origin

Geographical origin	Botanical genus and/or species	Bee type	Majority compounds	References
Turkey (10 different regions)	ns	Apis mellifera	Aromatic alcohol, alcohol, aromatic acid, flavonoid^† (flavone, flavanone, flavonol), ketone, terpene^†, vitamin E, acid	[36]
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia	ns	Apis mellifera	Isocupressic acid, (+)-agathadiol, epi-13-torulosol	[49]
‘El Siambon’ Tucuman, Argentina	Salix humboldiana, Pinus, Eucalyptus	Apis mellifera	Pinocembrin^, galangin^	[33]
Baoding County, Hebei Province, China	ns	ns	Pinobanksin^, pinocembrin^, chrysin^, galangin^	[46]
Tehran-Khojir, northern Iran	Populus (determined by studying the chemical composition of propolis by GC-MS)	ns	Pinobanksin^, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinocembrin^, pinostrobin, chrysin^, galangin^	[44]
Haramaya, Ethiopia	ns	Apis mellifera	Benzenamine, N,N-dibutyl-(21.94%), Paromomycin (9.74%), 4-Aminobutyramide,N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-(9.26%) and DL-Tryptophan,5-methoxy(7.43%)	[30]
Northeastern Brazil	Dalbergia ecastophyllum	Apis mellifera	Medicarpin, 3-hydroxy-8.9-dimethoxypterocarpan, quercetin, chrysin^*, ferulic acid, artepillin C^†	[42]
Cabreuva, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil	Baccharis dracunculifolia	Apis mellifera	Artepillin C, p-Coumaric acid, kaempferid	[21, 75]
Temuco, Chile	ns	ns	Pinocembrin^, caffeic acid^, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, galangin^*, caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE)	[39]
State de Parana, Brazil	Baccharis dracunculifolia + Auraucaria spp.	ns	3,5-Diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid^† (DHCA), 2,2-Dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran (DCBEN), 3-Prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid^† (PHCA), 2,2-Dimethyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-propenoic acid (DPB)	[76]
State of Minas Gerais, Brazil	Baccharis dracunculifolia	ns	3,5-Diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid^† (DHCA), 3-Prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid^† (PHCA), 2,2-Dimethyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-propenoic acid (DPB), p-Coumaric acid (PCUM), Caffeic acid^* (CA), caffeoylquinic acid derivates^†	[76], [77]
State of Parana, Brazil	Auraucaria spp.	ns	3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, (VAN), 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamalde-hyde (G2), 2-[1-hydroxymethyl]vinyl-6-acetyl-5-hidroxycumarane (I)	[76]
Isfahan, central Iran	ns	ns	Pinocembrin^, caffeic acid^, kaempferol, phenethyl caffeate, chrysin^, galangin^	[78]
England and New York State, USA	ns	ns	p-coumaric acid, chrysin^, pinocembrin^	[77]
Hatay region, Turkey	pine forest, eucalyptus, poplar trees	Apis mellifera syriaca, Apis mellifera anatoliaca, Apis mellifera caucasica	Caffeic acid^*, sesquiterpenes^†	[79]
Northeastern Portugal	ns	Apis mellifera	New compound: p-coumaric ester derivative dimer, methylated and/or sterified or hydroxylated derivatives of flavonoids, other compounds found in temperate zones	[80]
Greece	ns	ns	α-pinene	[81]
Temuco, Chile	ns	ns	Caffeic acid^, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, pinocembrin^, galangin^*, CAPE, rutin	[45]
Sonora, Mexico	ns	ns	Pinocembrin^, pinobanksin 3-acetate, chrysin^, CAPE^†, acacetin, galangin^*	[50]
Kangaroo Island, Australia	Acacia paradoxa	Apis mellifera	2′,3′,4′-trimethoxychalcone 2′-hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxychalcone pinobanksin 3-acetate 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,3-dihydroflavonol 3-acetate,	[82]
Montevideo, Uruguay	ns	ns	Pinobanksin 3-(2-methyl)butyrate pinobanksin 3-isobutyrate2-methyl-2-butenyl ferulate	[83]
Okinawa, Japan	Macaranga tanarius	Apis mellifera	Nymphaeol-B, Isonymphaeol-B, Nymphaeol-A, 3′-geranyl-naringenin, Nymphaeol-C	[84]
Waikato, New Zealand	ns	ns	Pinobanksin^, pinocembrin^, chrysin^, galangin^, cinnamic and ferulic acid	[47]

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Antifungal Activities of Propolis and its Main Components with an Emphasis Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Auriane Dudoit

Nicolas Cardinault

Christian Mertz

Marc Chillet

Pierre Brat

Categoria dell'articolo: Review paper

Pubblicato online: 24 giu 2021

Pagine: 5 - 24

Ricevuto: 17 giu 2020

Accettato: 17 mar 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0013

Parole chiavebee propolis, biomarkers, food preservation, mechanism of action, phytopathogenic fungi

© 2021 Auriane Dudoit et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Antifungal activity of propolis extracts against plant pathogens

Chemical composition of propolis extracts depending on geographical origin

Parole chiave
bee propolis, biomarkers, food preservation, mechanism of action, phytopathogenic fungi