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Factors Affecting Immune Responses in Honey Bees: An Insight

Gurleen Kaur

Gurleen Kaur

Plant Protection Division, PG Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College AmritsarPunjab, India
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Kaur, Gurleen
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Rohit Sharma

Rohit Sharma

Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
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Sharma, Rohit
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Ashun Chaudhary

Ashun Chaudhary

Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal PradeshShahpur, India
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Chaudhary, Ashun
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Randeep Singh

Randeep Singh

Plant Protection Division, PG Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College AmritsarPunjab, India
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Singh, Randeep
  
24 giu 2021
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Categoria dell'articolo: Review paper
Pubblicato online: 24 giu 2021
Pagine: 25 - 47
Ricevuto: 10 dic 2020
Accettato: 08 mar 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0012
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© 2021 Gurleen Kaur et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Various factors influencing bee immunity.
Various factors influencing bee immunity.

Fig. 2

Interrelationships between different stress factors downregulating immune system of honey bees. IRG, immunity related genes; GOX, glucose oxidase. Blue arrows show effects supported by literature. Red arrows show possible effects with less literature support. Numeric values indicate the references of supporting literature. 1 Mckinstry et al. (2017); 2 Steinmann et al. (2015); 3 Lopez-Martinez et al. (2008); 4 Melicher et al. (2019); 5 Dainat et al. (2012b); 6 Gauthier et al. (2007); 7 Flores et al. (1996); 8 Szymaś & Jędruszuk (2003); 9 Alaux et al. (2010a); 10 Martin-Hernandez et al. (2011); 11 Alaux et al. (2010b); 12 Mayack & Naug (2010); 13 DeGrandhi-Hoffmman & Chen (2015); 14 Huang (2012); 15 Brandt et al. (2016); 16 Perveen & Ahmad (2017); 17 Brandt et al. (2017); 18 Boncristiani et al. (2012); 19 Yoshida (1988); 20 Gregorc et al. (2012); 21 Motta et al. (2018); 22 Dai et al. (2018); 23 May et al. (2015); 24 Chakrabarti et al. (2015); 25 Shen et al. (2005); 26 Nazzi et al. (2012); 27 Goulson et al. (2015); 28 DiPrisco et al. (2013); 29 Evans & Pettis (2005); 30 Gregorc & Bowen (1998); 31 Zakaria (2007); 32 Higes et al. (2007); 33 Chaimanee et al. (2012); 34 Mayack & Naug (2009); 35 Campbell et al. (2010); 36 Salem et al. (2006); 37 Richards et al. (2011); 38 Esch (1988); 39 Vandame & Belzunces (1998); 40 Sánchez-Bayo et al. (2016); 41 Meikle et al. (2016).
Interrelationships between different stress factors downregulating immune system of honey bees. IRG, immunity related genes; GOX, glucose oxidase. Blue arrows show effects supported by literature. Red arrows show possible effects with less literature support. Numeric values indicate the references of supporting literature. 1 Mckinstry et al. (2017); 2 Steinmann et al. (2015); 3 Lopez-Martinez et al. (2008); 4 Melicher et al. (2019); 5 Dainat et al. (2012b); 6 Gauthier et al. (2007); 7 Flores et al. (1996); 8 Szymaś & Jędruszuk (2003); 9 Alaux et al. (2010a); 10 Martin-Hernandez et al. (2011); 11 Alaux et al. (2010b); 12 Mayack & Naug (2010); 13 DeGrandhi-Hoffmman & Chen (2015); 14 Huang (2012); 15 Brandt et al. (2016); 16 Perveen & Ahmad (2017); 17 Brandt et al. (2017); 18 Boncristiani et al. (2012); 19 Yoshida (1988); 20 Gregorc et al. (2012); 21 Motta et al. (2018); 22 Dai et al. (2018); 23 May et al. (2015); 24 Chakrabarti et al. (2015); 25 Shen et al. (2005); 26 Nazzi et al. (2012); 27 Goulson et al. (2015); 28 DiPrisco et al. (2013); 29 Evans & Pettis (2005); 30 Gregorc & Bowen (1998); 31 Zakaria (2007); 32 Higes et al. (2007); 33 Chaimanee et al. (2012); 34 Mayack & Naug (2009); 35 Campbell et al. (2010); 36 Salem et al. (2006); 37 Richards et al. (2011); 38 Esch (1988); 39 Vandame & Belzunces (1998); 40 Sánchez-Bayo et al. (2016); 41 Meikle et al. (2016).

Summarizes the social and innate defence responses against the various foreign bodies

Immune Parameter Foreign Body
Social Immunity
Social fever Fungi (Starks et al., 2000)
Plant Resins Bacteria (Antúnez et al., 2008)Fungi (Simone-Finstrom & Spivak, 2012)
Grooming Tracheal mite (Danka & Villa, 1998)Varroa (Guzman-Novoa et al., 2012)
Hygienic behaviour Fungi (Gilliam et al., 1983)Bacteria (Spivak & Reuter, 2001)Varroa (Ibrahim et al., 2007)
Division of labour Pathogen transmission (Naug & Camazine, 2002)
Innate Immunity
Phagocytosis Small bacteria and virus (James & Xu, 2012; Larsen et al., 2019)
Nodulation Fungi (James & Xu, 2012; Larsen et al., 2019)
Encapsulation Large parasites (James & Xu, 2012; Larsen et al., 2019)
Antibacterial activity Neonicotinoids and bacteria (Dickel et al., 2018)
Antimicrobial peptides Varroa and Virus (Gregorc et al., 2012)Pesticides (Garrido et al., 2013)Bacteria, fungi, protozoa (Danihlík et al., 2015)
RNA interference, dsRNA Virus (Brutscher et al., 2015)
Prophenoloxisade activation Microbial infection (Li et al., 2018)
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