Tackling disabilities in young age—Policies that work

Kristine von Simson; Inés Hardoy

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Tackling disabilities in young age—Policies that work

Kristine von Simson

Inés Hardoy

| 30 ott 2020

IZA Journal of Labor Policy

Volume 10 (2020): Numero 1 (March 2020)

INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO

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Pubblicato online: 30 ott 2020

Pagine: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2020-0013

Parole chiave
reduced work capacity, vocational rehabilitation, Timing-of-Events model, youth

© 2020 Kristine von Simson, Inés Hardoy, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Inflow into work impairment by the month of entry. Young people 18-26 years of age in the period 2002–2012.Note: The figure includes only youths aged 26 or under, as older youths are not equally represented over the evaluation period in our data.

Survival curves by vocational rehabilitation program (VRP) status. Young people 18-29 years of age in the period 2002–2012.

Monthly transition rates into vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs). Young people 18-29 years of age in the period 2002–2012.

Monthly transition into work/education and social security, by vocational rehabilitation program (VRP) status. Young people 18-29 years of age during the period 2002–2012.

The effect of vocational rehabilitation program (VRP) on the transition to social security.Notes: FU, follow-up; WP, work practice; EDU, education/training; WS, wages subsidies. The dashed line shows the transition probability for a reference person who did not participate in any VRP, and who has been registered as work impaired for 6–10 months. The reference person is a male, aged 22–25 years, living in Eastern Norway, native-born, with no completed upper secondary education, with average parental background, by average youth unemployment.

The effect of the vocational rehabilitation program (VRP) on the transition to job/ education. FU, follow-up; WP, work practice; EDU, education/training; WS, Wages Subsidies.Notes: The dashed line shows the transition probability for a reference person who does not participate in any VRP, and who has been registered as work impaired for 6–10 months. The reference person is a male, aged 22–25, living in Eastern Norway, native-born, with no completed upper secondary education, with average parental background, by average youth unemployment.

Yearly inflow into vocational rehabilitation program (VRP), as share of all ongoing work-impairment spells. Young people 18-29 years of age old.Note: FU, Follow-up; WP, work practice; EDU, education/training; WS wage subsidies.

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education: Robustness tests

	To social security					To job/education
	Original model	Time-varying health	BIC	HQIC	Before 2009	Original model	Time-varying health	BIC	HQIC	Before 2009
Under treatment
FU	0.034	–0.030	0.070	0.082	0.354***	0.470***	0.330***	0.480***	0.469***	0.559***
	(0.067)	(0.064)	(0.063)	(0.064)	(0.074)	(0.034)	(0.036)	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.042)
WP	–0.061	–0.098**	–0.071*	–0.063	0.333***	0.251***	0.119***	0.264***	0.258***	0.546***
	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.046)	(0.024)	(0.025)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.029)
EDU	–0.736***	–0.895***	–0.660***	–0.722***	–0.534***	0.088***	–0.107***	0.072***	0.089***	0.220***
	(0.054)	(0.053)	(0.052)	(0.054)	(0.061)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.024)
WS	–0.598***	–0.684***	–0.523***	–0.575***	–0.528***	0.691***	0.808***	0.683***	0.693***	0.797***
	(0.117)	(0.115)	(0.113)	(0.115)	(0.123)	(0.043)	(0.046)	(0.042)	(0.043)	(0.046)
After treatment
FU	0.237***	0.212***	0.246***	0.263***	0.301***	0.367***	0.443***	0.377***	0.366***	0.018
	(0.074)	(0.071)	(0.064)	(0.071)	(0.095)	(0.043)	(0.045)	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.070)
WP	0.136***	0.119***	0.115***	0.127***	0.162***	0.273***	0.307***	0.281***	0.277***	0.031
	(0.045)	(0.045)	(0.040)	(0.045)	(0.060)	(0.028)	(0.029)	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.044)
EDU	–0.083	–0.182***	0.005	–0.072	–0.066	0.491***	0.574***	0.474***	0.493***	0.455***
	(0.057)	(0.056)	(0.054)	(0.057)	(0.074)	(0.027)	(0.028)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.035)
WS	–0.242	–0.297*	–0.146	–0.217	–0.284	0.918***	1.129***	0.900***	0.913***	0.554***
	(0.169)	(0.169)	(0.115)	(0.170)	(0.195)	(0.069)	(0.073)	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.096)

Sample means by VRP status

	No program	Follow-up (FU)	Work practice (WP)	Education/ training (EDU)	Wage subsidies (WS)

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Individual characteristics
Age group (years)
18–20	0.209	0.259	0.330	0.180	0.173
21–24	0.365	0.375	0.348	0.341	0.388
25–29	0.426	0.366	0.322	0.479	0.439
Female	0.481	0.429	0.460	0.501	0.229
Immigrant	0.067	0.064	0.065	0.072	0.054
Completed upper secondary education	0.336	0.249	0.216	0.421	0.324
Activity before entering work impairment
In education	0.405	0.466	0.496	0.447	0.393
In employment	0.536	0.431	0.379	0.599	0.596
Mean income 3 years before entering work impairment
Labor income, BA	1.485	1.061	0.935	1.767	1.620
Nontaxable transfers, BA	0.395	0.388	0.403	0.356	0.309
Taxable transfers, BA	0.248	0.268	0.232	0.241	0.282
Parental background
Higher-educated parents	0.221	0.206	0.199	0.257	0.175
Parents’ labor income, BA	7.723	7.569	7.415	7.992	7.695
Parents’ transfers, BA	2.303	2.486	2.445	2.169	2.195
Region of residence
Eastern Norway	0.496	0.473	0.446	0.499	0.388
Southern Norway	0.072	0.094	0.081	0.074	0.110
Western Norway	0.242	0.249	0.234	0.235	0.276
Middle Norway	0.087	0.100	0.125	0.078	0.115
Northern Norway	0.103	0.084	0.113	0.113	0.113
Receiving health-related benefits	0.521	0.373	0.387	0.440	0.255
Spell characteristics
Duration of work impairment, months	20.524	29.767	27.221	31.275	26.585
Duration of VRP, months	0.000	8.827	7.909	13.016	8.090
Transition to work	0.381	0.238	0.185	0.251	0.494
Transition to education	0.114	0.050	0.059	0.106	0.041
Transition to permanent disability	0.064	0.053	0.048	0.020	0.018
Transition to social assistance	0.086	0.038	0.041	0.018	0.026
Transition to unemployment	0.141	0.070	0.065	0.086	0.124
Transition to unknown state	0.063	0.036	0.037	0.112	0.047
Censored due to time	0.151	0.209	0.176	0.026	0.128
Censored due to transition new VRP	0.000	0.306	0.389	0.327	0.122

Observations	70,590	8,305	23,189	25,512	3,038

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education

	Transition to social security		Transition to job/education
	Under VRP	After VRP	Under VRP	After VRP
Follow-up (FU)	0.034 (0.067)	0.237*** (0.074)	0.470*** (0.034)	0.367*** (0.043)
Work practice (WP)	−0.061 (0.040)	0.136*** (0.045)	0.251*** (0.024)	0.273*** (0.028)
Training/education (EDU)	−0.736*** (0.054)	−0.083 (0.057)	0.088*** (0.021)	0.491*** (0.027)
Wage subsidies (WS)	−0.598*** (0.117)	−0.242 (0.169)	0.691*** (0.043)	0.918*** (0.069)

Complete estimation results: Transitions to vocational rehabilitation programs (VRP)

	FU	WP	EDU	WS
	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)
Completed upper section education	−0.048 (0.034)	−0.159 (0.022)	0.443 (0.018)	0.142 (0.052)
Receiving health-related benefits	−0.576 (0.037)	−0.461 (0.023)	−0.096 (0.023)	−2.273 (0.061)
Non-European immigrant	−0.184 (0.062)	−0.210 (0.038)	0.293 (0.035)	−0.501 (0.110)
Female	−0.350 (0.028)	−0.168 (0.017)	−0.065 (0.016)	−1.102 (0.053)
Income last 3 years prior to work impairment
Nontaxable transfers	−0.180 (0.033)	−0.059 (0.019)	0.075 (0.018)	−0.212 (0.059)
Taxable transfers	0.095 (0.029)	0.014 (0.019)	0.002 (0.018)	0.232 (0.047)
Labor income	−0.075 (0.015)	−0.049 (0.009)	0.143 (0.007)	0.058 (0.020)
Parents’ income average (7–17 years)
Transfers	0.004 (0.007)	−0.027 (0.005)	−0.016 (0.004)	−0.032 (0.012)
Labor income	−0.004 (0.004)	−0.015 (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	0.010 (0.006)
Higher-educated parents	−0.219 (0.036)	−0.200 (0.022)	0.098 (0.019)	−0.330 (0.060)
Local youth unemployment rate	0.009 (0.011)	0.022 (0.006)	0.015 (0.006)	−0.021 (0.017)
Activity year prior to work impairment
In education	0.189 (0.032)	0.115 (0.020)	0.273 (0.018)	0.100 (0.053)
Employed	0.007 (0.037)	−0.103 (0.024)	0.133 (0.021)	0.402 (0.059)
Year dummies (2002 reference)
Year 2003	−0.372 (0.190)	−0.431 (0.092)	0.179 (0.067)	−0.693 (0.211)
Year 2004	−0.129 (0.174)	−0.194 (0.084)	0.051 (0.066)	−0.629 (0.192)
Year 2005	−0.005 (0.167)	−0.359 (0.084)	−0.061 (0.066)	−0.109 (0.177)
Year 2006	0.028 (0.166)	−0.252 (0.083)	−0.105 (0.066)	−0.282 (0.178)
Year 2007	0.259 (0.165)	−0.355 (0.085)	−0.056 (0.068)	−0.197 (0.179)
Year 2008	0.517 (0.164)	−0.126 (0.084)	0.077 (0.067)	0.026 (0.178)
Year 2009	1.571 (0.158)	1.073 (0.077)	1.063 (0.062)	0.557 (0.174)
Year 2010	1.625 (0.158)	1.326 (0.076)	0.892 (0.063)	−0.208 (0.186)
Year 2011	1.794 (0.158)	1.464 (0.077)	0.817 (0.063)	0.290 (0.180)
Year 2012	1.824 (0.159)	1.586 (0.077)	0.738 (0.064)	0.428 (0.180)
Year 2013	1.916 (0.162)	1.609 (0.080)	0.553 (0.069)	0.656 (0.186)
Year 2014	2.175 (0.168)	1.690 (0.087)	0.562 (0.078)	0.655 (0.207)
Age category (21–24 reference)
Age 18–20	−0.177 (0.039)	0.108 (0.024)	−0.001 (0.025)	−0.273 (0.070)
Age 25–29	−0.184 (0.034)	−0.204 (0.022)	−0.033 (0.019)	−0.119 (0.053)
Duration of work-impairment spell (1–2 months reference)
3–4 months	−0.062 (0.057)	−0.100 (0.031)	0.036 (0.028)	0.277 (0.104)
5–6 months	−0.081 (0.060)	−0.145 (0.033)	−0.087 (0.030)	0.397 (0.108)
7–10 months	−0.036 (0.053)	−0.301 (0.031)	−0.148 (0.027)	0.598 (0.096)
11–14 months	−0.038 (0.058)	−0.286 (0.033)	−0.080 (0.029)	0.773 (0.102)
15–18 months	0.160 (0.059)	−0.273 (0.036)	−0.116 (0.032)	0.966 (0.107)
19–24 months	0.140 (0.059)	−0.256 (0.036)	−0.149 (0.032)	1.159 (0.106)
25–30 months	0.262 (0.064)	−0.303 (0.040)	−0.126 (0.036)	1.261 (0.115)
31–36 months	0.278 (0.070)	−0.290 (0.045)	−0.167 (0.040)	1.413 (0.123)
37–48 months	0.221 (0.070)	−0.340 (0.045)	−0.226 (0.041)	1.640 (0.123)
49+ months	0.219 2 (0.083)	−0.339 (0.054)	−0.350 (0.051)	1.776 (0.140)
Quarter (first-quarter reference)
Quarter 2	0.004 (0.036)	0.045 (0.022)	0.443 (0.024)	0.070 (0.062)
Quarter 3	0.114 (0.036)	0.210 (0.022)	0.954 (0.021)	0.265 (0.060)
Quarter 4	0.327 (0.036)	0.289 (0.022)	0.339 (0.024)	0.295 (0.061)
Region of residence (Eastern Norway reference)
Southern Norway	0.244 (0.048)	0.191 (0.032)	−0.013 (0.030)	0.570 (0.076)
Western Norway	0.081 (0.035)	0.085 (0.022)	0.035 (0.019)	0.273 (0.055)
Middle Norway	−0.012 (0.048)	0.382 (0.028)	−0.158 (0.029)	0.363 (0.074)
Northern Norway	−0.202 (0.050)	0.181 (0.028)	0.161 (0.026)	0.241 (0.075)

Complete estimation results: Transitions to outcome states

	Social security	Job/education
	Coefficient SE	Coefficient SE
Completed upper secondary education	−0.398 (0.027)	0.350 (0.012)
Receiving health-related benefits	−1.088 (0.024)	−1.438 (0.013)
Non-European immigrant	−0.114 (0.040)	0.121 (0.023)
Female	−0.391 (0.020)	0.050 (0.011)
Income last 3 years prior to work impairment	0.392 (0.019)	−0.120 (0.013)
Nontaxable transfers
Taxable transfers	0.040 (0.019)	0.027 (0.012)
Labor income	−0.109 (0.011)	0.118 (0.005)
Parents’ income average, 7–17 years
Transfers	0.025 (0.005)	−0.010 (0.003)
Labor income	0.001 (0.003)	0.006 (0.001)
Higher educated parents	−0.037 (0.026)	−0.001 (0.013)
Local youth unemployment rate	0.000 (0.007)	−0.020 (0.004)
Activity year prior to work impairment
In education	−0.231 (0.022)	0.133 (0.012)
Employed	−0.232 (0.027)	0.428 (0.014)
Year dummies (2002 reference)
Year 2003	0.081 (0.076)	−0.114 (0.040)
Year 2004	0.130 (0.074)	0.001 (0.038)
Year 2005	0.159 (0.072)	0.166 (0.037)
Year 2006	0.050 (0.071)	0.244 (0.037)
Year 2007	−0.150 (0.074)	0.270 (0.038)
Year 2008	−0.611 (0.077)	0.038 (0.038)
Year 2009	−0.861 (0.077)	−0.109 (0.037)
Year 2010	−0.585 (0.073)	−0.596 (0.038)
Year 2011	−0.325 (0.073)	−0.384 (0.038)
Year 2012	−0.480 (0.074)	−0.379 (0.039)
Year 2013	−0.559 (0.077)	−0.347 (0.041)
Year 2014	−0.046 (0.079)	−0.331 (0.045)
Age (21–24 reference)
Age 18–20 years	0.152 (0.027)	0.035 (0.016)
Age 25–29 years	0.006 (0.024)	−0.178 (0.013)
Duration of work-impairment spell (1–2 months reference)
3–4 months	−0.008 (0.038)	0.077 (0.019)
5–6 months	−0.034 (0.041)	0.045 (0.020)
7–10 months	−0.065 (0.037)	0.006 (0.019)
11–14 months	−0.065 (0.039)	−0.006 (0.021)
15–18 months	−0.043 (0.042)	−0.093 (0.023)
19–24 months	0.032 (0.041)	−0.070 (0.023)
25–30 months	0.118 (0.044)	−0.033 (0.025)
31–36 months	0.206 (0.048)	−0.020 (0.028)
37–48 months	0.567 (0.044)	0.171 (0.027)
49+ months	1.138 (0.048)	0.300 (0.032)
Quarter (first quarter reference)
Quarter 2	−0.024 (0.025)	0.124 (0.013)
Quarter 3	0.107 (0.024)	0.415 (0.012)
Quarter 4	0.040 (0.025)	−0.031 (0.014)
Region of residence (Eastern Norway reference)
Southern Norway	0.042 (0.035)	−0.048 (0.020)
Western Norway	0.062 (0.024)	−0.025 (0.013)
Middle Norway	−0.017 (0.033)	−0.051 (0.018)
Northern Norway	−0.114 (0.033)	0.023 (0.017)

eISSN:: 2193-9004
Lingua:: Inglese

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Tackling disabilities in young age—Policies that work

Pubblicato online: 30 ott 2020

Pagine: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2020-0013

Parole chiave
reduced work capacity, vocational rehabilitation, Timing-of-Events model, youth

© 2020 Kristine von Simson, Inés Hardoy, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education: Robustness tests

Sample means by VRP status

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education

Complete estimation results: Transitions to vocational rehabilitation programs (VRP)

Complete estimation results: Transitions to outcome states

Tackling disabilities in young age—Policies that work

Pubblicato online: 30 ott 2020

Pagine: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2020-0013

Parole chiavereduced work capacity, vocational rehabilitation, Timing-of-Events model, youth

© 2020 Kristine von Simson, Inés Hardoy, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education: Robustness tests

Sample means by VRP status

Effect of vocational rehabilitation programs (VRPs) during and after program participation on the transition to social security and job/education

Complete estimation results: Transitions to vocational rehabilitation programs (VRP)

Complete estimation results: Transitions to outcome states

Parole chiave
reduced work capacity, vocational rehabilitation, Timing-of-Events model, youth