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Comparative Toxicity of Lunar, Martian Dust Simulants, and Urban Dust in Human Skin Fibroblast Cells

James T.F. Wise
James T.F. Wise
, 
Hong Xie
Hong Xie
, 
John Pierce Wise
John Pierce Wise
, 
Michael Mason
Michael Mason
, 
Antony Jeevarajan
Antony Jeevarajan
, 
William Wallace
William Wallace
 e 
John Pierce Wise
John Pierce Wise
   | 01 lug 2015
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 01 lug 2015
Pagine: 51 - 58
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0005
© 2015 James T.F. Wise et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Cytotoxicity of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 24 h Exposure. This figure shows lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust are cytotoxic to BJhTERT cells after a 24 hour exposure. The very fine lunar dust simulant and the Mars dust simulant were the most cytotoxic. For JSC-1A-f, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For JSC-1A-vf, concentrations of 25, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For Mars-1A, concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For urban dust, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). Data represent an average of three experiments ± standard error of mean.
Cytotoxicity of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 24 h Exposure. This figure shows lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust are cytotoxic to BJhTERT cells after a 24 hour exposure. The very fine lunar dust simulant and the Mars dust simulant were the most cytotoxic. For JSC-1A-f, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For JSC-1A-vf, concentrations of 25, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For Mars-1A, concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For urban dust, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). Data represent an average of three experiments ± standard error of mean.

Figure 2.

Cytotoxicity of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 120 h Exposure. This figure shows lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust are cytotoxic to BJhTERT cells after a 120 hour exposure. The very fine lunar dust simulant and the Mars dust simulant are the most cytotoxic. For JSC-1A-f, concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For JSC-1A-vf, concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.001). For Mars-1A, concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p< .05). For urban dust, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). Data represent an average of three experiments ± standard error of mean.
Cytotoxicity of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 120 h Exposure. This figure shows lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust are cytotoxic to BJhTERT cells after a 120 hour exposure. The very fine lunar dust simulant and the Mars dust simulant are the most cytotoxic. For JSC-1A-f, concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). For JSC-1A-vf, concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.001). For Mars-1A, concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p< .05). For urban dust, concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/cm2 are statistically different from control (p<0.05). Data represent an average of three experiments ± standard error of mean.

Figure 3.

Chromosome Damage of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 120 h Exposure. This figure shows that lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust do not significantly increase chromosome damage after a 120 hour exposure. Data represent an average of 3 experiments ± standard error of mean. Panel (A) shows the percent of metaphases with damage. Panel (B) shows the total chromosome damage in 100 metaphases. * Indicates no metaphases (50 and 100 μg/cm2 for JSC-1A-vf and 100 μg/cm2 for Mars-1A).
Chromosome Damage of the Four Dusts to Human Skin Fibroblasts after 120 h Exposure. This figure shows that lunar dust simulants, Mars dust simulant, and urban dust do not significantly increase chromosome damage after a 120 hour exposure. Data represent an average of 3 experiments ± standard error of mean. Panel (A) shows the percent of metaphases with damage. Panel (B) shows the total chromosome damage in 100 metaphases. * Indicates no metaphases (50 and 100 μg/cm2 for JSC-1A-vf and 100 μg/cm2 for Mars-1A).

Mass median diameters (MMD) of the lunar and Martian dust simulants and urban dust as determined by dynamic light scattering.

Chemical MMD (µm)
JSC-1A-f 1.470
JSC-1A-vf 0.726
Urban dust 0.169
Mars-1A 0.133
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