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Basal defoliation, salicylic acid and cyanocobalamin to ameliorate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of flood-irrigated ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek
Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek
, 
Mosaad A. El-Kenawy
Mosaad A. El-Kenawy
, 
Bassam E. Belal
Bassam E. Belal
, 
Islam F. Hassan
Islam F. Hassan
, 
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti
 e 
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein
   | 31 dic 2023
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Pubblicato online: 31 dic 2023
Pagine: 307 - 332
Ricevuto: 29 nov 2022
Accettato: 26 lug 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0023
Parole chiave
© 2023 Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

The quadrilateral cordon training system of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines.
The quadrilateral cordon training system of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines.

Figure 2.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on shoot length (A) and leaf area (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = distilled water (control), T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at probability (p) ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on shoot length (A) and leaf area (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = distilled water (control), T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at probability (p) ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 3.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on total chlorophyll (A) and carbohydrate (B) contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on total chlorophyll (A) and carbohydrate (B) contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry set (A) and total yield (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry set (A) and total yield (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 5.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on cluster weight (A), length (B) and compactness (C) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on cluster weight (A), length (B) and compactness (C) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 6.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry weight (A), length (B), diameter (C) and firmness (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry weight (A), length (B), diameter (C) and firmness (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 7.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry colour (red [A], pink [B], green [C]), hue angle (D), lightness (E), and anthocyanin contents (F) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry colour (red [A], pink [B], green [C]), hue angle (D), lightness (E), and anthocyanin contents (F) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 8.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry SSC (A), TA (B), SSC/TA ratio (C) and total sugars (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry SSC (A), TA (B), SSC/TA ratio (C) and total sugars (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity.

Figure 9.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry total phenol contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry total phenol contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 10.

PCA showing the score plots (A, B) of the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA (n = 9), and their associated loading plots (C, D) of various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; PCA, principal component analysis; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
PCA showing the score plots (A, B) of the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA (n = 9), and their associated loading plots (C, D) of various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; PCA, principal component analysis; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 11.

Two-way HCA and heat map showing the effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 (A) and 2021 (B) seasons. Rows represent the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Columns represent the plant and fruit characteristics. Higher peak areas are coloured red, and lower peak areas are coloured green. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Two-way HCA and heat map showing the effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 (A) and 2021 (B) seasons. Rows represent the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Columns represent the plant and fruit characteristics. Higher peak areas are coloured red, and lower peak areas are coloured green. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Weather data of Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt from November 2019 to October 2021.

Season Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm · month–1) Wind speed (km · h–1) Cloud (%) Sun (h · month–1) UV index
November 2019 24 57 0.0 11.2 9 358 6
2020 22 63 9.7 10.4 28 339 6
December 2019 18 62 12.2 13.2 23 360 5
2020 19 62 4.7 10.3 20 350 4
January 2020 14 70 9.6 14.0 32 349 4
2021 17 64 3.7 13.1 20 365 5
February 2020 16 69 9.6 12.3 32 308 4
2021 18 66 8.9 12.6 28 298 4
March 2020 19 63 20.6 14.7 24 345 7
2021 20 60 0.6 14.3 15 368 5
April 2020 23 60 0.9 13.4 16 356 7
2021 24 52 0.0 15.4 10 360 8
May 2020 28 51 0.6 14.3 11 367 7
2021 30 46 0.0 13.4 4 372 8
June 2020 30 56 0.1 13.6 8 360 8
2021 31 52 0.0 13.0 2 360 9
July 2020 33 63 0.0 12.6 9 372 8
2021 34 54 0.0 13.3 3 372 9
August 2020 33 64 0.0 12.9 5 372 8
2021 35 55 0.0 11.9 2 372 8
September 2020 32 65 0.0 12.2 6 359 7
2021 30 60 0.0 13.3 6 358 7
October 2020 28 61 14.1 11.1 11 369 6
2021 26 61 1.3 11.9 12 369 5

Soil and water analysis of the experimental site at Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt.

Soil depth (cm) 0–30 30–60 60–90 Water
Clay (%) 49.25 50.55 51.15 Transparency (cm) 132.5
Silt (%) 27.69 26.72 26.11 Permeability index (%) 55.64
Sand (%) 23.06 22.66 21.55 Water quality index 21.54
Texture Clay Clay Clay pH 8.27
Field capacity (%) 15.3 15.7 15.8 Total dissolved salts (mg · L–1) 204.9
Permanent wilting point (%) 7.4 7.6 7.7 EC (μmhos · cm–1) 558.8
pH (1:2.5 extract) 7.7 7.11 7.11 O2 (%) 95.8
Organic material (%) 2.3 0.55 0.35 CaCO3 (mg · L–1) 100.6
EC (dS · m–1) [1:5 extract] 0.61 0.61 0.61 HCO3– (mg · L–1) 159.5
CaCO3 (%) 1.83 1.41 1.88 CO32– (mg · L–1) 7.0
HCO3– (meq · 100 g–1) 0.30 0.37 0.40 SO42- (mg · L–1) 15.13
CO32– (meq · 100 g–1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 SiO2 (mg · L–1) 1.21
SO42– (meq · 100 g–1) 3.17 4.04 4.13 Cl– (mg · L–1) 32.4
Cl- (meq · 100 g–1) 0.96 0.98 1.08 Na+ (mg · L–1) 29.2
Na+ (meq · 100 g–1) 0.48 0.66 1.42 Ca2+ (mg · L–1) 27.8
Ca2+ (meq · 100 g–1) 0.80 0.20 1.25 Mg2+ (mg · L–1) 14.7
Mg2+ (meq · 100 g–1) 0.33 0.97 1.16 N (mg · L–1) 1.56
N (mg · kg–1) 32 24 18 P (mg · L–1) 0.094
P (mg · kg–1) 13 22 13 K (mg · L–1) 8.81
K (mg · kg–1) 271 240 230 Fe (mg · L–1) 0.23
Fe (mg · kg–1) 2.48 2.21 2.11 Mn (mg · L–1) 0.005
Mn (mg · kg–1) 4.10 3.50 3.21 Zn (mg · L–1) 0.60
Zn (mg · kg–1) 1.18 0.61 0.51 Cu (mg · L–1) 0.018
Cu (mg · kg–1) 4.24 2.10 0.75 Co (mg · L–1) 1.56
Pb (mg · L–1) 0.77
B (mg · L–1) 0.03
Mo (mg · L–1) 0.009
Al (mg · L–1) 0.03
Ni (mg · L–1) 0.014
Se (mg · L–1) 0.021
As (mg · L–1) 0.044
V (mg · L–1) 0.014
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