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Antioxidant potential and iodine accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings as the effect of the application of three different iodobenzoates

Mariya Halka
Mariya Halka
, 
Sylwester Smoleń
Sylwester Smoleń
 e 
Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń
Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń
   | 30 set 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 30 set 2020
Pagine: 203 - 219
Ricevuto: 22 ago 2019
Accettato: 02 set 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0019
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© 2020 Mariya Halka et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

The phenotype of young tomato plants from the control (A), control + ethanol (B) BeA (C), KI (D), 2-IBeA (E), 4-IBeA (F) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (G) treatment.
The phenotype of young tomato plants from the control (A), control + ethanol (B) BeA (C), KI (D), 2-IBeA (E), 4-IBeA (F) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (G) treatment.

Figure 2

AA content in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).
AA content in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).

Figure 3

DHA content in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).
DHA content in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).

Figure 4

APX activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).
APX activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).

Figure 5

CAT activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).
CAT activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).

Figure 6

POX activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).
POX activity in leaves of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA (E) treatments. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different for p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard error (n = 8). * The analysis was not done due to the lack of plant material due to the low yield in 4-IBeA treatment in 10 μM I, 25 μM I and 50 μM I concentration (see Table 1).

Iodine content in leaves, stems and roots of young tomato plants after BeA (A), KI (B), 2-IBeA (C), 4-IBeA (D) and 2,3,5-triIBeA treatment

TreatmentsLeaves (mg I · kg−1 d.w.) ± SEStems (mg I · kg−1 d.w.) ± SERoots (mg I · kg−1 d.w.) ± SE
Control0.32 ± 0.07 a0.45 ± 0.05 a0.24 ± 0.03 a
Control + ethanol0.51 ± 0.11 ab0.41 ± 0.01 a0.29 ± 0.05 a
BeA (5 μmol)0.58 ± 0.10 ab0.64 ± 0.03 b0.29 ± 0.03 a
BeA (10 μmol)0.60 ± 0.14 ab0.65 ± 0.05 b0.24 ± 0.01 a
BeA (25 μmol)0.43 ± 0.12 ab0.43 ± 0.03 a0.27 ± 0.03 a
BeA (50 μmol)0.86 ± 0.08 b0.55 ± 0.03 ab0.28 ± 0.05 a
Control0.32 ± 0.06 a0.45 ± 0.05 a0.23 ± 0.04 a
Control + ethanol0.50 ± 0.11 a0.41 ± 0.02 a0.29 ± 0.05 a
KI (5 μM I)52.49 ± 0.57 b127.91 ± 1.33 b54.20 ± 1.72 b
KI (10 μM I)86.97 ± 2.00 c234.15 ± 3.96 c173.28 ± 3.47 c
KI (25 μM I)238.98 ± 4.66 d530.86 ± 9.37 d307.87 ± 3.61 d
KI (50 μM I)548.76 ± 12.57 e1023.90 ± 10.29 e449.16 ± 5.35 e
Control0.32 ± 0.07 a0.45 ± 0.06 a0.24 ± 0.02 a
Control + ethanol0.50 ± 0.11 a0.41 ± 0.01 a0.28 ± 0.06 a
2-IBeA (5 μM I)19.18 ± 0.60 b26.18 ± 2.84 b116.97 ± 1.93 b
2-IBeA (10 μM I)31.72 ± 1.65 c49.51 ± 2.91 c266.72 ± 6.57 c
2-IBeA (25 μM I)49.10 ± 2.23 d99.74 ± 1.52 d685.92 ± 4.79 d
2-IBeA (50 μM I)39.86 ± 5.21 d122.51 ± 4.12 e1464.37 ± 33.59 e
Control0.33 ± 0.07 a0.46 ± 0.05 a0.24 ± 0.03 a
Control + ethanol0.51 ± 0.12 a0.40 ± 0.02 a0.29 ± 0.05 a
4-IBeA (5 μM I)21.31 ± 2.48 b38.59 ± 2.98 b73.89 ± 1.46 b
4-IBeA (10 μM I)62.38 ± 0.54 c158.18 ± 9.07 c161.27 ± 2.58 c
4-IBeA (25 μM I)122.21 ± 7.10 d643.17 ± 34.67 d335.62 ± 6.01 d
4-IBeA (50 μM I)114.00 ± 10.31 d769.52 ± 21.80 e668.33 ± 36.29 e
Control0.32 ± 0.07 a0.46 ± 0.04 a0.25 ± 0.04 a
Control + ethanol0.51 ± 0.11 a0.41 ± 0.02 a0.29 ± 0.04 a
2,3,5-triIBeA (5 μM I)36.11 ± 0.57 b25.98 ± 0.67 b43.21 ± 1.94 b
2,3,5-triIBeA (10 μM I)45.72 ± 3.07 c29.08 ± 0.98 b81.07 ± 3.32 c
2,3,5-triIBeA (25 μM I)30.44 ± 0.22 b52.11 ± 1.75 c192.26 ± 1.57 d
2,3,5-triIBeA (50 μM I)35.38 ± 1.79 b65.13 ± 1.59 d257.60 ± 13.70 e

Sugars content in leaves of young tomato plants

TreatmentGlucose (mg ·100g−1 f.w.) ± SEFructose (mg ·100g−1 f.w.) ± SESucrose (mg ·100g−1 f.w.) ± SETotal sugars (mg ·100g−1 f.w.) ± SE
Control34.10 ± 0.90 c43.64 ± 0.53 c23.47 ± 1.16 c130.08 ± 3.69 e
Control+ethanol56.29 ± 1.96 d89.51 ± 1.37 e12.00 ± 0.49 a154.46 ± 2.98 d
BeA (5 μM)23.14 ± 1.19 b42.37 ± 1.26 c21.70 ± 0.69 bc87.20 ± 1.23 b
BeA (10 μM)22.30 ± 0.90 ab36.50 ± 0.32 b30.21 ± 1.46 d89.01 ± 2.05 b
BeA (25 μM)17.13 ± 0.02 a27.45 ± 0.94 a24.02 ± 1.83 c68.60 ± 5.16 a
BeA (50 μM)35.96 ± 0.46 c59.51 ± 1.58 d16.42 ± 0.07 ab111.89 ± 5.01 c
Control34.10 ± 0.91 c43.64 ± 0.54 c23.47 ± 1.14 c130.08 ± 3.70 c
Control+ethanol56.30 ± 1.96 d89.51 ± 1.38 d12.00 ± 0.50 a154.46 ± 2.99 d
KI (5 μM I)15.44 ± 0.71 a27.33 ± 1.86 a11.04 ± 0.26 a53.81 ± 3.18 a
KI (10 μM I)18.65 ± 0.81 a26.66 ± 0.58 a12.16 ± 1.05 a57.47 ± 1.90 a
KI (25 μM I)24.42 ± 1.39 b37.45 ± 1.32 b19.00 ± 0.61 b80.87 ± 4.93 b
KI (50 μM I)17.02 ± 0.83 a28.57 ± 0.94 a11.27 ± 0.09 a56.86 ± 1.24 a
Control34.10 ± 0.91 bc43.65 ± 0.53 b23.47 ± 1.15 d131.00 ± 3.70 d
Control+ethanol56.29 ± 1.95 d89.51 ± 1.38 d11.99 ± 0.49 ab154.47 ± 2.98 e
2-IBeA (5 μM I)29.58 ± 0.73 b46.27 ± 0.20 b14.95 ± 0.49 bc91.13 ± 3.72 c
2-IBeA (10 μM I)17.40 ± 0.58 a29.25 ± 0.32 a10.84 ± 1.01 a57.49 ± 2.20 a
2-IBeA (25 μM I)20.85 ± 0.81 ab33.64 ± 1.01 a17.76 ± 0.74 c72.26 ± 2.01 b
2-IBeA (50 μM I)39.84 ± 3.85 c64.79 ± 2.07 c23.98 ± 0.44 d128.60 ± 3.42 d
Control34.11 ± 0.90 a43.64 ± 0.54 a23.47 ± 1.16 b130.07 ± 3.68 b
Control+ethanol56.29 ± 1.97 b89.51 ± 1.36 b12.00 ± 0.50 a154.46 ± 2.98 c
4-IBeA (5 μM I)38.90 ± 1.13 a47.72 ± 1.22 a15.06 ± 0.66 a101.67 ± 2.05 a
4-IBeA (10 μM I)n/an/an/an/a
4-IBeA (25 μM I)n/an/an/an/a
4-IBeA (50 μM I)n/an/an/an/a
Control34.10 ± 0.89 a43.64 ± 0.52 a23.46 ± 1.15 d130.08 ± 3.69 b
Control+ethanol56.29 ± 1.95 b89.51 ± 1.37 c12.00 ± 0.49 b155.06 ± 2.98 c
2,3,5-triIBeA (5 μM I)38.82 ± 0.80 a58.94 ± 1.93 b23.49 ± 0.53 d124.59 ± 7.38 b
2,3,5-triIBeA (10 μM I)40.76 ± 2.32 a60.08 ± 1.70 b16.82 ± 1.07 c117.66 ± 4.45 b
2,3,5-triIBeA (25 μM I)37.15 ± 0.30 a61.71 ± 1.49 b11.71 ± 0.94 b110.57 ± 6.11 b
2,3,5-triIBeA (50 μM I)34.32 ± 1.20 a46.70 ± 2.87 a4.81 ± 0.33 a85.82 ± 0.96 a

Fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots per one tomato plant after tested compounds treatment

TreatmentWeight of leaves per one plant (g) ± SEWeight of stems per one plant (g) ± SEWeight of roots per one plant (g) ± SE
Control0.90 ± 0.08 a1.10 ± 0.05 a0.34 ± 0.04 a
Control + ethanol1.23 ± 0.04 b1.00 ± 0.03 a0.48 ± 0.01 b
BeA (5 μM)1.04 ± 0.04 ab1.00 ± 0.03 a0.39 ± 0.02 ab
BeA (10 μM)1.11 ± 0.03 ab1.09 ± 0.05 a0.40 ± 0.03 ab
BeA (25 μM)1.20 ± 0.08 b1.17 ± 0.06 a0.48 ± 0.05 b
BeA (50 μM)1.05 ± 0.02 ab1.06 ± 0.07 a0.42 ± 0.01 ab
Control0.90 ± 0.07 a1.10 ± 0.05 a0.34 ± 0.05 a
Control + ethanol1.23 ± 0.03 b0.99 ± 0.03 a0.49 ± 0.02 b
KI (5 μM I)1.01 ± 0.09 ab1.09 ± 0.10 a0.33 ± 0.03 a
KI (10 μM I)1.11 ± 0.08 ab1.18 ± 0.03 a0.36 ± 0.02 ab
KI (25 μM I)1.11 ± 0.05 ab1.24 ± 0.02 a0.42 ± 0.01 ab
KI (50 μM I)1.05 ± 0.06 ab1.17 ± 0.06 a0.37 ± 0.04 ab
Control0.90 ± 0.07 a1.10 ± 0.06 a0.34 ± 0.06 a
Control + ethanol1.23 ± 0.04 b1.00 ± 0.04 a0.48 ± 0.02 ab
2-IBeA (5 μM I)1.37 ± 0.04 b1.34 ± 0.04 b0.66 ± 0.05 b
2-IBeA (10 μM I)1.22 ± 0.08 b1.38 ± 0.07 b0.52 ± 0.06 b
2-IBeA (25 μM I)1.28 ± 0.08 b1.46 ± 0.06 b0.55 ± 0.04 b
2-IBeA (50 μM I)1.32 ± 0.03 b1.50 ± 0.03 b0.61 ± 0.06 b
Control0.91 ± 0.07 b1.11 ± 0.05 c0.34 ± 0.06 c
Control + ethanol1.23 ± 0.05 b1.01 ± 0.04 c0.48 ± 0.01 b
4-IBeA (5 μM I)0.94 ± 0.04 b0.67 ± 0.04 bc0.51 ± 0.03 bc
4-IBeA (10 μM I)0.42 ± 0.19 a0.29 ± 0.12 ab0.37 ± 0.14 b
4-IBeA (25 μM I)0.10 ± 0.02 a0.05 ± 0.01 a0.09 ± 0.03 a
4-IBeA (50 μM I)0.07 ± 0.01 a0.03 ± 0.01 a0.08 ± 0.02 a
Control0.91 ± 0.08 a1.11 ± 0.06 a0.34 ± 0.05 a
Control + ethanol1.24 ± 0.06 b1.00 ± 0.03 a0.47 ± 0.01 ab
2,3,5-triIBeA (5 μM I)1.50 ± 0.06 d1.35 ± 0.06 c0.61 ± 0.04 b
2,3,5-triIBeA (10 μM I)1.38 ± 0.04 c1.23 ± 0.04 ab0.46 ± 0.05 ab
2,3,5-triIBeA (25 μM I)1.32 ± 0.09 b1.18 ± 0.02 ab0.45 ± 0.02 ab
2,3,5-triIBeA (50 μM I)1.08 ± 0.06 ab1.13 ± 0.08 ab0.35 ± 0.03 a
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