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Free-living nematode assemblages associated with maize residues and their ecological significance

Samuel Maina
Samuel Maina
, 
Hannah Karuri
Hannah Karuri
 e 
Rossa Nyoike Ng’endo
Rossa Nyoike Ng’endo
   | 01 gen 2021
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Pubblicato online: 01 gen 2021
Pagine: 1 - 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-038
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© 2021 Authors, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Functional metabolic footprint of nematodes in control and decomposition plots during the first season. The point at the middle of the rhomboid represents the intersection of the enrichment and structure index. The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis of the rhombus represents the enrichment and structure footprints, respectively. The functional nematode metabolic footprint is represented by the total area of the functional enrichment and structure footprints.
Functional metabolic footprint of nematodes in control and decomposition plots during the first season. The point at the middle of the rhomboid represents the intersection of the enrichment and structure index. The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis of the rhombus represents the enrichment and structure footprints, respectively. The functional nematode metabolic footprint is represented by the total area of the functional enrichment and structure footprints.

Figure 2:

Functional metabolic footprint of nematodes in control and decomposition plots during the second season. The point at the middle of the rhomboid represents the intersection of the enrichment and structure index. The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis of the rhombus represents the enrichment and structure footprints, respectively. The functional nematode metabolic footprint is represented by the total area of functional enrichment and structure footprints.
Functional metabolic footprint of nematodes in control and decomposition plots during the second season. The point at the middle of the rhomboid represents the intersection of the enrichment and structure index. The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis of the rhombus represents the enrichment and structure footprints, respectively. The functional nematode metabolic footprint is represented by the total area of functional enrichment and structure footprints.

Average number of nematodes in 250 g soil collected from control and decomposition plots during season two.

Taxa Cp-class Control Mean ± SE Decomposition Mean ± SE F-value P-value
Bacterivores
Acrobeles 2 39 ± 7.5 58 ± 12.8 6.604 0.015*
Acrobeloides 2 42 ± 8.0 27 ± 6.0 1.434 0.241
Alaimus 4 8 ± 2.4 10 ± 3.9 0.059 0.81
Cephalobus 2 151 ± 10.4 280 ± 26.9 25.737 <0.001***
Cervidellus 2 42 ± 13.5 34 ± 12.1 0.466 0.5
Drilocephalobus 2 5 ± 2.4 9 ± 3.2 4.225 0.049*
Eucephalobus 2 101 ± 19.1 164 ± 23.8 48.172 <0.001***
Geomonhystera 2 16 ± 3.5 8 ± 3.0 7.391 0.0108*
Heterocephalobus 2 57 ± 10.8 129 ± 14.8 68.576 <0.001***
Mesorhabditis 1 0 ± 0.0 14 ± 4.9 37.891 <0.001***
Panagrolaimus 1 3 ± 1.2 5 ± 2.0 0.486 0.491
Plectus 2 10 ± 3.5 27 ± 4.7 96.111 <0.001***
Prismatolaimus 3 16 ± 3.5 24 ± 4.2 3.989 0.055
Rhabditis 1 21 ± 7.0 73 ± 34.4 2.592 0.118
Wilsonema 2 3 ± 1.2 3 ± 1.5 0.207 0.652
Fungivores
Aphelenchoides 2 29 ± 6.1 98 ± 29.5 13.911 <0.001***
Aphelenchus 2 164 ± 20.9 320 ± 47.2 18.84 <0.001***
Filenchus 2 21 ± 4.8 16 ± 6.0 2.041 0.163
Omnivores
Aporcelaimellus 5 0 ± 0.0 1 ± 1.3 1 0.325
Eudorylaimus 4 26 ± 4.2 22 ± 5.2 1.34 0.256
Dorylaimellus 5 0 ± 0.0 1 ± 0.7 1 0.325
Labronema 4 39 ± 7.1 47 ± 7.1 2.561 0.12
Mesodorylaimus 4 23 ± 3.5 10 ± 2.9 13.006 0.001**
Prodorylaimus 4 0 ± 0.0 3 ± 1.5 3.649 0.066
Predators
Discolaimus 5 8 ± 1.5 8 ± 2.0 0.051 0.823
Mononchus 4 5 ± 1.5 4 ± 2.7 4.741 0.037*
Nygolaimus 5 78 ± 10.3 54 ± 9.9 5.483 0.026*

Soil physicochemical characteristics at Nyangati study site in Mwea Sub-county, Kenya.

Soil property Mean Standard error
Calcium me % 6.07 0.788
Clay % 44.00 4.000
Copper ppm 2.95 0.090
Iron ppm 23.50 3.239
Magnesium me % 3.63 0.135
Manganese me % 0.97 0.114
Phosphorus ppm 16.67 1.667
Potassium me % 0.75 0.096
Sand % 46.67 3.712
Silt % 9.33 0.667
Sodium me % 0.16 0.074
Soil pH 5.85 0.057
Total Nitrogen % 0.18 0.003
Total Organic Carbon % 2.03 0.050
Zinc ppm 0.20 0.029

Minimum temperature and rainfall data at Nyangati study site in Mwea Sub-county, Kenya.

Month Minimum temperature (°C) Average rainfall (mm)
March 14.6 245
April 14.7 619.2
May 14.8 299.6
June 13.3 78
July 12.7 51.5
August 12.3 18.8
September 13.0 38.5
October 14.6 51.5
November 15.5 100.1
December 14.7 109.2
January 13.6 46.5
February 21.6 21.6

Average number of nematodes in 250 g soil collected from control and decomposition plots during season one.

Taxa Cp-class Control Mean ± SE Decomposition Mean ± SE F-value P-value
Bacterivores
Acrobeles 2 42 ± 9.5 58 ± 8.0 37.039 <0.001***
Acrobeloides 2 16 ± 4.4 8 ± 3.5 9.153 0.005**
Alaimus 4 31 ± 8.8 30 ± 5.7 2.331 0.137
Aphanolaimus 1 5 ± 2.4 2 ± 1.1 1.327 0.258
Cephalobus 2 107 ± 6.4 109 ± 9.9 0.106 0.747
Cervidellus 2 52 ± 11.3 23 ± 3.8 0.082 0.777
Drilocephalobus 2 0 ± 0.0 3 ± 2.0 1.946 0.173
Eucephalobus 2 91 ± 12.9 118 ± 21.1 2.92 0.098
Geomonhystera 2 10 ± 4.8 7 ± 3.6 0 0.996
Heterocephalobus 2 120 ± 20.9 86 ± 13.4 1.927 0.175
Plectus 2 26 ± 9.0 37 ± 7.6 7.016 0.013*
Prismatolaimus 3 18 ± 4.0 40 ± 11.0 2.586 0.118
Rhabditis 1 39 ± 8.0 41 ± 12.6 0.223 0.64
Stegelleta 2 0 ± 0.0 1 ± 1.3 0.272 0.325
Wilsonema 2 31 ± 10.1 17 ± 4.2 0.679 0.417
Fungivores
Aphelenchoides 2 16 ± 5.8 9 ± 3.2 1.088 0.305
Aphelenchus 2 143 ± 1.0 181 ± 19.0 2.479 0.126
Ditylenchus 2 13 ± 4.6 1 ± 1.3 49.301 <0.001***
Filenchus 2 16 ± 2.2 9 ± 2.7 9.997 0.004**
Omnivores
Aporcelaimellus 5 0 ± 0.0 4 ± 1.9 4.719 0.038*
Eudorylaimus 4 8 ± 2.4 3 ± 1.3 3.684 0.064
Labronema 4 62 ± 4.0 65 ± 8.0 1.196 0.283
Predators
Discolaimus 5 8 ± 2.4 10 ± 3.3 0.076 0.784
Nygolaimus 5 36 ± 6.9 42 ± 6.4 9.345 0.005**
Seinura 2 0 ± 0.0 6 ± 2.4 22.167 <0.001***

Nematode ecological and functional indices in control and decomposition plots during season 1 and 2.

Control Decomposition
Index name Mean ± SE Mean ± SE F-values P-value
Season 1
Maturity Index (MI) 2.41a ± 0.038 2.43a ± 0.040 0.38 0.542
Maturity Index (MI2-5) 2.47a ± 0.044 2.49a ± 0.036 0.409 0.528
Channel Index (CI) 60.35a ± 5.95 65.66a ± 5.948 0.985 0.329
Basal Index (BI) 37.82a ± 2.016 35.72a ± 1.652 1.452 0.238
Enrichment Index (EI) 34.52a ± 1.455 33.03a ± 2.472 0.511 0.481
Structure Index (SI) 53.19a ± 2.537 55.73a ± 2.224 1.435 0.24
Season 2
Maturity Index (MI) 2.54a ± 0.033 2.26b ± 0.036 64.715 <0.001***
Maturity Index (MI2-5) 2.57a ± 0.031 2.33b ± 0.029 68.996 <0.001***
Channel Index (CI) 81.01a ± 4.923 68.37b ± 5.864 12.359 <0.001***
Basal Index (BI) 34.44b ± 1.267 42.47a ± 1.495 65.944 <0.001***
Enrichment Index (EI) 28.14b ± 2.519 35.06a ± 2.941 15.409 <0.001***
Structure Index (SI) 59.91a ± 1.535 42.21b ± 2.689 41.205 <0.001***

Metabolic footprints in control and decomposition plots during season 1 and 2.

Control Decomposition
Metabolic footprints Mean ± SE Mean ± SE F-values P-value
Season 1
Composite footprint 5.67a ± 3.444 5.77a ± 3.421 2.482 0.126
Omnivore footprint 4.55a ± 1.750 4.35a ± 2.558 0.825 0.371
Structure footprint 4.99a ± 2.345 5.07a ± 2.702 1.272 0.268
Predator footprint 3.15b ± 2.127 3.82a ± 2.110 19.678 <0.001***
Fungivore footprint 2.91a ± 1.243 2.94a ± 1.101 0.126 0.725
Enrichment footprint 4.326a ± 2.797 4.196a ± 3.262 0.556 0.462
Bacterivore footprint 4.734a ± 3.267 4.918a ± 3.303 2.441 0.129
Season 2
Composite footprint 5.68b ± 3.242 5.95a ± 4.301 11.018 0.002**
Omnivore footprint 4.23a ± 2.479 4.33a ± 2.657 0.679 0.417
Structure footprint 5.22a ± 2.314 5.05b ± 2.870 4.500 0.042*
Predator footprint 4.48a ± 2.485 3.87b ± 2.515 5.894 0.021*
Fungivore footprint 2.89b ± 1.260 3.52a ± 1.972 21.683 <0.001***
Enrichment footprint 3.51b ± 2.755 4.43a ± 4.249 27.425 <0.001***
Bacterivore footprint 4.39b ± 2.945 5.10a ± 4.269 30.782 <0.001***
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