Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations

Anonymous (2007). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 381. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Obstetr. Gynecol., 110, 959–960.Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous (2008). Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A guide for programme managers. Third edition. World Health Organization, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/iodine_deficiency/9789241595827/en/ (accessed 15 May 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous (2014). Sodium intake for adults and children. WHO. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sodium_intake/en/ (accessed 18 April 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Abalovich, M., Amino, N., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., De Groot, L. J., Glinoer, D., Mandel, S. J., Stagnaro-Green, A. (2007). Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 92, S1–S47.10.1210/jc.2007-0141Search in Google Scholar

Als, C., Haldimann, M., Bürgi, E., Donati, F., Gerber, H., Zimmerli, B. (2003). Swiss pilot study of individual seasonal fluctuations of urinary iodine concentration over two years: Is age-dependency linked to the major source of dietary iodine? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,57, 636–646.10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601590Search in Google Scholar

Arrizabalaga, J. J., Larrańaga, N., Espada, M., Amiano, P., Bidaurrazaga, J., Latorre, K., Gorostiza, E. (2012). Changes in iodine nutrition status in schoolchildren from the Basque Country. Endocrinología y Nutrición, 59, 474–84.10.1016/j.endonu.2012.03.012Search in Google Scholar

Ausó, E., Lavado-Autric, R., Cuevas, E., Escobar Del Rey, F., Morreale De Escobar, G., Berbel, P. (2004). A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology, 145, 4037–4047.10.1210/en.2004-0274Search in Google Scholar

Barin, J. G., Talor, M. V., Sharma, R. B., Rose, N. R., Burek, C. L. (2005). Iodination of murine thyroglobulin enhances autoimmune reactivity in the NOD.H2 mouse. Clin. Exper. Immunol., 142 (2), 251–259.10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02908.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bath, S. C., Steer, C. D., Golding, J., Emmett, P., Rayman, M. P. (2013). Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet, 27 (382), 331–337.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5Search in Google Scholar

Becker, D. V., Braverman, L. E., Delange, F., Dunn, J. T., Franklyn, J. A., Hollowell, J. G., Lamm, S. H., Mitchell, M. L., Pearce, E., Robbins, J., Rovet, J. F. (2006). Iodine supplementation for pregnancy and lactation-United States and Canada: Recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid, 16, 949–951.10.1089/thy.2006.16.949Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

de Benoist, B., McLean, E., Anderson, M. (2009). Iodine deficiency: The extent of the problem. In: Preedy, V. R., Burrow, G. N., Watson, R. R. (eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine. Academic Press, Elsevier, London, pp. 461–467.Search in Google Scholar

Berbel, P., Guadańo-Ferraz, A., Angulo, A., Ramón Cerezo, J. (1994). Role of thyroid hormones in the maturation of interhemispheric connections in rats. Behav. Brain Res.,64, 9–14.10.1016/0166-4328(94)90114-7Search in Google Scholar

Berbel, P. J., Escobar del Rey, F., Morreale de Escobar, G., Ruiz-Marcos, A. (1985). Effect of hypothyroidism on the size of spines of pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. Brain Res.,337, 217–223.10.1016/0006-8993(85)90057-5Search in Google Scholar

Bernal, J., Nunez, J. (1995). Thyroid hormones and brain development. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 133, 390–398.10.1530/eje.0.13303907581959Search in Google Scholar

Bougma, K., Aboud, F. E., Harding, K. B., Marquis, G. S. (2013). Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 5, 1384–1416.10.3390/nu5041384Search in Google Scholar

Brent, G. A. (2007). Editorial: Diagnosing thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: Is case finding enough? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92, 39–41.10.1210/jc.2006-2461Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bürgi, H. (2010). Iodine excess. Best Practice Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 24 (1), 107–115.10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.010Search in Google Scholar

Casey, B. M. (2006). Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Obstetr. Gynecol. Surv.,61, 415–420.10.1097/01.ogx.0000223331.51424.9bSearch in Google Scholar

Cuevas, E., Ausó, E., Telefont, M., Morreale De Escobar, G., Sotelo, C., Berbel, P. (2005). Transient maternal hypothyroxinemia at onset of corticogenesis alters tangential migration of medial ganglionic eminence-derived neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci.,22, 541–551.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04243.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Delange, F. (2002). Iodine deficiency in Europe and its consequences: An update. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag., 29, 404–416.10.1007/s00259-002-0812-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Dosiou, C., Barnes, J., Schwartz, A., Negro, R., Crapo, L., Stagnaro-Green, A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness of universal and risk-based screening for autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnant women. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 97 (5), 1536–1546.10.1210/jc.2011-2884Search in Google Scholar

Dosiou, C., Sanders, G. D., Araki, S. S., Crapo, L. M. (2008). Screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 158, 841–851.10.1530/EJE-07-0882Search in Google Scholar

Glinoer, D. (1998). The systematic screening and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 9, 403–411.10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00095-2Search in Google Scholar

Glinoer, D., Soto, M. F., Bourdoux, P., Lejeune, B., Delange, F., Lemone, M., Kinthaert, J., Robijn, C., Grun, J. P., de Nayer, P. (1991). Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: Maternal and neonatal repercussions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 73, 421–427.10.1210/jcem-73-2-4211906897Search in Google Scholar

Gowachirapant, S., Winichagoon, P., Wyss, L., Tong, B., Baumgartner, J., Melse-Boonstra, A., Zimmermann, M. B. (2009). Urinary iodine concentrations indicate iodine deficiency in pregnant Thai women but iodine sufficiency in their school-aged children. J. Nutr., 139, 1169–1172.10.3945/jn.108.10043819403711Search in Google Scholar

Grīnberga, D., Pudule, I., Velika, B., Gavare, I., Villeruša, A. (2015). Health Behaviour Among Latvian Adult Population, 2014. The Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Latvia. 124 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Guan, H., Li, C., Li, Y., Fan, C., Teng, Y., Shan, Z., Teng, W. (2005). High iodine intake is a risk factor of post-partum thyroiditis: Result of a survey from Shenyang, China. J. Endocrinol. Investig., 28, 876–881.10.1007/BF0334531816419489Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gyurjyan, R. H., Lugovska, R., Vevere, P., van der Haar, F. (2006). Newborn thyrotropin screening confirms iodine deficiency in Latvia. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,60, 688–690.10.1038/sj.ejcn.160236416340943Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., Braverman, L. E. (2002). Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,87, 489–499.10.1210/jcem.87.2.818211836274Search in Google Scholar

Horacek, J., Spitalnikova, S., Dlabalova, B., Malirova, E., Vizda, J., Svilias, I., Cepkova, J., Mc Grath, C., Maly, J. (2010). Universal screening detects two-times more thyroid disorders in early pregnancy than targeted high-risk case finding. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 163, 645–650.10.1530/EJE-10-051620682632Search in Google Scholar

Huang, W., Peng, C., Huang, H., Zhang, J., Liu. J., Mao, L., Luo, R., Xiao, Y. (2013). Control of iodine-deficiency disorders following universal salt iodization in Shenzhen, China, 1997–2011. Food Nutr. Bull., 34 (3), 331–337.10.1177/15648265130340030524167913Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Jones, G., Schneider, W.J. (2006). Intelligence, human capital, and economic growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) approach. J. Econ. Growth,11, 71–93.10.1007/s10887-006-7407-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kahaly, G. J., Dienes, H. P., Beyer, J., Hommel, G. (1998). Iodide induces thyroid autoimmunity in patients with endemic goitre: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 139 (3), 290–297.10.1530/eje.0.13902909758438Search in Google Scholar

Konrade, I., Dambrova, M., Makrecka, M., Neimane, L., Strele, I., Liepinsh, E., Lejnieks, A., Vevere, P., Gruntmanis, U., Pīrāgs, V., Dambrova, M. (2012). Seasonal iodine deficiency in Latvian school children. Thyroid, 22, 1088–1089.10.1089/thy.2011.050622947352Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Konrade, I., Kalere, I., Strele, I., Makrecka-Kuka, M., Jekabsone, A., Tetere, E., Veisa, V., Gavars, D., Rezeberga, D., Pīrāgs, V., Lejnieks, A., Dambrova, M. (2015). Iodine deficiency during pregnancy: A national cross-sectional survey in Latvia. Public Health Nutr.,18 (16), 2990–2997.10.1017/S136898001500046425731595Search in Google Scholar

Konrade, I., Neimane, L., Makrecka, M., Strēle, I., Liepinsh, E., Lejnieks, A., Vevere, P., Gruntmanis, U., Pīrāgs, V., Dambrova, M. (2014). A cross-sectional survey of urinary iodine status in Latvia. Medicina,50 (2), 124–129.10.1016/j.medici.2014.06.00325172607Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Markou, K., Georgopoulos, N., Kyriazopoulou, V., Vagenakis, A. G. (2001). Iodine-Induced hypothyroidism. Thyroid,11 (5), 501–510.10.1089/10507250130017646211396709Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Moleti, M., Di Bella, B., Giorgianni, G., Mancuso, A., De Vivo, A., Alibrandi, A., Trimarchi, F., Vermiglio, F. (2011). Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: An observational study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford), 74, 762–768.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04007.x21521276Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Moreno-Reyes, R., Carpentier, Y. A., MacOurs, P., Gulbis, B., Corvilain, B., Glinoer, D., Goldman, S. (2011). Seasons but not ethnicity influence urinary iodine concentrations in Belgian adults. Eur. J. Nutr., 50, 285–290.10.1007/s00394-010-0137-420960000Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Morreale De Escobar, G., Obregon, M. J., Escobar Del Rey, F. (2000). Clinical perspective: Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 3975–3987.Search in Google Scholar

Muller, A. F., Drexhage, H. A., Berghout, A. (2001). Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: Recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocrine Rev.,22, 605–630.10.1210/edrv.22.5.044111588143Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Negro, R., Schwartz, A., Gismondi, R., Tinelli, A., Mangieri, T., Stagnaro-Green, A. (2010). Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95, 1699–1707.10.1210/jc.2009-200920130074Search in Google Scholar

Oppenheimer, J. H., Schwartz, H. L., Mariash, C. N., Kinlaw, W. B., Wong, N. C., Freake, H. C. (1987). Advances in our understanding of thyroid hormone action at the cellular level. Endocrine Rev.,8, 288–308.10.1210/edrv-8-3-2883308445Search in Google Scholar

Pearce, E. N., Andersson, M., Zimmermann, M. B. (2013). Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013? Thyroid,23, 523–528.10.1089/thy.2013.012823472655Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Pedersen, I. B., Laurberg, P., Knudsen, N., Jørgensen, T., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., Rasmussen, L. B. (2007). An increased incidence of overt hypothyroidism after iodine fortification of salt in Denmark: A prospective population study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92 (8), 3122–3127.10.1210/jc.2007-073217504896Search in Google Scholar

Pessah-Pollack, R., Eschler, D. C., Pozharny, Z., Davies, T. (2014). Apparent insufficiency of iodine supplementation in pregnancy. J. Women’s Health (Larchmt),23, 51–56.10.1089/jwh.2013.429824117002Search in Google Scholar

Pop, V. J., Kuijpens, J. L., van Baar, A. L., Verkerk, G., van Son, M. M., de Vijlder, J. J., Vulsma, T., Wiersinga, W. M., Drexhage, H. A., Vader, H. L. (1999). Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford), 50, 149–155.10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00639.x10396355Search in Google Scholar

Rohner, F., Zimmermann, M., Jooste, P., Pandav, C., Caldwell, K., Raghavan, R., Raiten, D. J. (2014). Biomarkers of nutrition for development: Iodine review. J. Nutr.,144, 1322S–1342S.10.3945/jn.113.181974409398824966410Search in Google Scholar

Selga, G., Sauka, M., Gerasimov, G. (2000). Status of iodine deficiency in Latvia Reconsidered: Results of nationwide survey of 587 schoolchildren in the year 2000. IDD Newsletter, 16, 54.Search in Google Scholar

Speeckaert, M. M., Speeckaert, R., Wierckx, K., Delanghe, J. R., Kaufman, J. M. (2011). Value and pitfalls in iodine fortification and supplementation in the 21st century. Brit. J. Nutr.,106 (7), 964–973.10.1017/S000711451100273X21733298Search in Google Scholar

Stagnaro-Green, A., Chen, X., Bodgen, J. D., Davies, T. F., Scholl, T. O. (2005). The thyroid and pregnancy: A novel risk factor for very preterm delivery. Thyroid,15, 351–357.10.1089/thy.2005.15.35115876159Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Stagnaro-Green, A., Glinoer, D. (2004). Thyroid autoimmunity and the risk of miscarriage. Best Practice Res. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 18, 167–181.Search in Google Scholar

Thung, S. F., Funai, E. F., Grobman, W. A. (2009). The cost-effectiveness of universal screening in pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism. Amer. J. Obstetr. Gynecol.,200 (267), e1–e7.10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.03519114278Search in Google Scholar

Vaidya, B., Anthony, S., Bilous, M., Shields, B., Drury, J., Hutchison, S., Bilous, R. (2007). Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy: Universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92, 203–207.10.1210/jc.2006-174817032713Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Vanderpump, M. P., Tunbridge, W. M., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Grimley Evans, J., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., Yaing, E. T. (1995). The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: A twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford),43, 55–68.10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x7641412Search in Google Scholar

Zimmermann, M. B., Moretti, D., Chaouki, N., Torresani, T. (2003). Introduction of iodized salt to severely iodine-deficient children does not provoke thyroid autoimmunity: A one-year prospective trial in northern Morocco. Thyroid,13 (2), 199–203.10.1089/10507250332131951212699595Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Zoeller, R. T., Rovet, J. (2004). Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: Clinical observations and experimental findings. J. Neuroendocrinol.,16, 809–818.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01243.x15500540Open DOISearch in Google Scholar