Volume 56 (2012): Issue 3 (September 2012)

Changes in the taxonomy of the order Chlamydiales, after its separation from the order Rickettsiales, were presented. These changes resulted in the recognition of the following families: Chlamydiaceae, Chlavichlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Piscichlamydiaceae, Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae. Other described changes concerned particularly the family Chlamydiaceae. Its genus Chlamydia was divided into Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. However, in the following years, a revision to the single original genus was made, based upon phylogenetic analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA genes of the strains belonging to these two taxonomic units. The review also discusses other families outside the family Chlamydiaceae, which contain so-called Chlamydia-related or Chlamydia-like organisms. Members of each family share a 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity >90%. Furthermore, characterisation of the pathogenecity is presented, focusing especially on the representatives of the family Chlamydiaceae, which cause animal infections, and describing their zoonotic potential. Available data on this topic, connected with the representatives of other families, were mentioned.

The aim of the study was to assess the expression of TNFRp55 mRNA and to examine if the antisense inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded EBNA1 gene product alters the expression of gene encoding TNFRp55 in lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). The experiment was performed on LCL derived from EBV infected human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. The lymphocytes were isolated and cultured. RNA was isolated and examined according to the RNase protection assay. The hybridisation was done with HCR-4 probe. RNA was quantified by densitometry and presented in extinction units. The level of expression was calculated with TotaILab software programme. The results of the study suggest that EBV gene, responsible for the synthesis of EBNA1 protein, has an inhibitory effect on human TNFRp55 gene expression in LCL.

Serum samples from 123 cattle, 95 wild boars, and 43 deer (red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer) from the territory of eastern Poland were examined by the ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The rates of positive response in the animals were 4.1%, 16.8%, and 11.6%, respectively. Examination of 37 blood samples from deer with RT-PCR revealed only one positive result in a roe deer (2.7%). The relatively high serologic response rate in wild boars was due to a very high response rate (35.7%) in the Chełm district, which accounted for 94% of the total positive results. These findings seem to indicate that the Chełm district is most probably an endemic area of TBEV.

The polymorphism of prion protein (PrP) amino acids in codons 136 (A/V), 154 (R/H); and 171 (Q/R/H) was established. Reproductive performance of mother sheep was evaluated analysing the fertility coefficient and litter size, i.e. the number of born and reared lambs. The studies included mothers of synthetic lines BCP - 111 sheep and SCP - 104 sheep born in 2001-2007. In the examined ovine PRNP gene, the following four alleles were identified: ARR, AHQ, ARQ, and VRQ, with the absence of the ARH allele. The highest frequency was determined for the ARR (49.8%) and ARQ (45.8%) alleles. In the studied sheep population, the occurrence of seven different genotypes was reported. It was found that 71.6% of the animals had the genotypes ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, and ARR/AHQ, which are regarded as the most resistant to scrapie, while 7.9% of the population had ARR/VRQ-bearing genotypes (low resistance) or ARQ/VRQ ones (high susceptibility to scrapie). The analysis of the obtained results indicates that the PRNP genotype does not affect reproduction efficiency of mothers, or their offspring growth. It was concluded that flock elimination of ewes of genotypes with high and very high susceptibility to scrapie will not reduce the reproduction parameters of ewes or growth of their lambs.

In the present study, the presence of flaA, cadF, cdtB, and iam genes of Campylobacter sp. were analysed using PCR. Material for analyses comprised 100 Campylobacter sp. isolates obtained from healthy broiler chickens, fatteners, and calves, among which 84 isolates were ascribed to Campylobacter jejeuni and 16 to Campylobacter coli. All isolates (100%) had the cadF gene responsible for adhesion and the flaA gene determining the motility of the analysed bacteria. The frequency of occurrence of the cdtB gene responsible for the production of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was determined to be high (98.6% in broiler chickens, 75% in fatteners, 62.5% in calves). In case of the iam gene, the highest frequency was recorded in Campylobacter sp. isolated from broiler chickens (84.7%), while in strains collected from fatteners and calves it was lower, amounting to 41.7% and 18.8%, respectively.

The aim of the study was to find the relationship between some postpartum disorders and pregnancy losses (PL), and the influence of PL on further fertility of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The 1,056 pregnancies and 906 calving intervals (CI) of 378 cows during the nine-year observation period were analysed. The average milk yield during this period increased from 7,500 to 10,500 kg/305 d of lactation. All cows up to 4 weeks after calving were gynecologically examined and cases of genital tract disorders were recorded and treated. Artificial inseminations (AI) were made using commercial frozen/thawed semen. In cows with silent ovulation, oestrus was induced by injection of PGF₂α or programmes using PGF₂α and GnRH, or hCG were applied. Pregnancy was diagnosed with the use of ultrasonography or foetal membrane slip only from 30 and 42 d after service, respectively, and re-diagnosed between 70 and 90 d after AI. The cases of „early foetal loss” up to 90 d and „mid-to-late PL” between 91 and 260 d after AI were recorded. Endometritis was noted in 31.8%, ovarian cysts in 8.5%, whereas ovarian inactivity in 4.6% of cows. Early PL was observed in 5.2%, whereas mid-to-late PL in 6.8% of cows (total 12%). From all analysed factors, the influence of delayed or periodical lack of ovarian activity was significant with regard to early PL (P=0.029). The probability of early PL increased when besides the diagnosis of ovarian inactivity, AI was made following an induced oestrus (P=0.003). CI for cows, which did not lost pregnancy amounted 442.9 d. The early, mid-to-late and multiple PL extended the CI to 579.6, 661.1 and 657.7 d, respectively (P<0.05). Concurrently, CI for cows with “early foetal loss” was significantly shorter comparing to cows with “mid-to-late foetal loss” (579.6 d vs.661.1 d; P<0.05). On average 2.6 inseminations for one pregnancy were needed, and each PL increased the AI index. Significant differences were stated after early and multiple foetal losses (5.2 and 5.1 vs. 2.6; P<0.05).

Twenty bitches with acute endometritis-pyometra complex (EPC) and 20 clinically healthy bitches were examined. The following coagulation parameters were determined in haemostatic evaluations: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen concentrations (FBG), D-dimer concentrations (D-D), antithrombin activity (AT), and blood platelet counts (PLT). Morphological and biochemical blood parameters were also analysed. Examinations of animals affected by EPC revealed blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disorders, and the noted results (PT 13.7 ±1.06 s, aPTT 23.4 ±1.04 s, TT 15.6 ±0.68 s, FBG 2.2 g/L, D-D 785.4 ±103.05 μg/L, AT 111.1 ±13.51%, PLT 169.30 ±126.31 10³/μL) point to a high risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings indicate that the coagulation parameters of bitches affected by EPC should be analysed before treatment as the noted disorder can significantly complicate therapy and ovariohysterectomy, and endanger the patients' life.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.

The objective of this work was to study the oxidative stability of organic dry fermented probiotic sausages during long-term storage (6 months). Four test samples were prepared: sample A - control sausage, sample B - with 0.05% addition of sodium ascorbate, sample C - with addition of Lb. casei LOCK 0900 (2x10⁶ CFU/g) probiotic strain, 0.6% of glucose, and 0.05% of sodium ascorbate, and sample D - with 0.05% of sodium ascorbate, probiotics, and 0.6% of lactose. The study covered evaluation of the ripening process (21 d) by evaluating loss in the sausage weight. The pH value, oxidation-reduction potential, TBARS values, acid number, peroxide number, browning index after ripening (0) and after 2^nd, 4^th, and 6^th month of chilling storage were identified. The total colour difference of sausages subjected to 3 h exposure to fluorescent light, texture parameters, and count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified after ripening (0) and after 6 months of storage. It was observed that an addition of probiotic bacteria and glucose (sample C) contributed to a significant decrease in the pH value and water activity in the sausage directly after ripening and during the entire chilling storage period. In samples with probiotics the option with glucose had a lower (P≤0.05) pH value by ca. 0.5 unit as compared to the sample with lactose. Significantly higher (P≤0.05) values of TBARS were observed in samples with probiotics as compared to control samples. The greatest oxidation stability during the entire chilling storage period was found in the sample with sodium ascorbate. Among samples with probiotic strain, the sample with glucose had the lowest peroxide number value (0.58-3.56 meqO₂/kg) and TBARS (1.10-2.08 mg MDA/kg) but also the greatest colour stability during exposure to light. The order of decline in oxidative stability was: sample B > sample C > sample D > sample A.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of yeast preparations on selected properties of meat from suckling lambs. The experiment was conducted on 30 Kamieniec rams divided into three groups: I - control, II and III - experimental. Throughout the 100-day rearing period, the experimental animals were fed diets supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae prebiotics: Inter Yeast S® brewer's yeast in group II, and Biolex®-Beta S in group III. Fat content was determined by Soxhlet extraction. The fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat was determined by esterification followed by gas chromatography analysis. The content of vitamins A and E was determined by liquid chromatography. A significant increase in the content of fat, cholesterol, and vitamin E was noted in the meat of lambs of group II in comparison with control. The fat of animals in group II contained more fatty acids: C14:1, C18:2, C22:6 (P≤0.05), and C18:2 n-6 cis9trans11 (P≤0.01), and less C20:4 (P≤0.01). The fat of animals of group III contained more C18:0 and C22:6 fatty acids (P≤0.05), and less C18:0 (P≤0.05). The fat in this group had also lower concentrations of MUFA (P≤0.05), UFA, and, consequently, a lower UFA/SFA ratio (P≤0.05) in comparison with controls. The yeast-based supplements significantly affected selected health-promoting properties of lamb meat. The applied diet supplements had no significant effect on AI and TI values.

A liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for determination of residues of β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and lincosamides in eggs has been described. Analytes were isolated from egg samples by solvent extraction method and extracts were cleaned by filtration on OASIS HLB cartridges. The whole procedure was validated according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recovery ranged between 86% and 110%. The repeatability was below 16% and within-laboratory reproducibility was lower than 20%. The method was successfully applied in the official control of antibacterial compounds residue in Poland.

High performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed and optimised for the determination of tetracyclines (TCs) in medicated feedingstuffs. The extraction of the analyte from feedingstuffs was performed with Na₂EDTA-McIlvaine buffer (pH 2.5 and pH 4). The extracts were cleaned up by solid phase extraction using octadecyl cartridges (C18). The samples were dried up and redissolved in the mixture of oxalic acid and methanol. Separation was performed on reserved phase column (Phenomenex C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) by multistep gradient elution, which provided better chromatographic separation. The analysis was performed at a wavelength of 390 nm. Validation study of the method revealed that all obtained calibration curves showed good linearity R= 0.9985 for doxycycline (DC) and R= 0.9981 for chlorotetracycline (CTC) over the range of 25-2,000 mg/kg. The analytical procedure was successfully adapted for quantitative determination of DC and CTC in medicated feedingstuff samples. Validation included determination of specificity, linearity, and repeatability. Mean recovery for spiked samples was 93.1% for CTC and 93.2% for DC. The results of validation of the analytical procedure proved that presented method is efficient, precise and useful for quantification of DC and CTC in medicated feedingstuffs.

This paper describes the quantitative method of determination of chosen substances from resorcylic acid lactones group: zeranol, taleranol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone in bovine muscle tissue. The presented method is based on double diethyl ether liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) clean up, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The residues were derivatised with a mixture of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, ammonium iodide, and DL-dithiothreitol (1,000:2:5, v/w/w). The GC-MS apparatus was operated in positive electron ionisation mode. The method was validated according to the European Union performance criteria pointed in Decision Commission 2002/657/EC. The average recoveries of all analytes at 1 μg kg^-1 level were located between 83.7% and 94.5% values with the coefficients of variation values <25%. The decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) for all analytes ranged from 0.58 to 0.82 μg kg^-1 and from 0.64 to 0.94 μg kg^-1, respectively. The procedure has been accredited and is used as a screening and confirmatory method in control of hormone residues in animal tissues.

An HPLC method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of enrofloxacin, ciprofloksacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in feed. The samples were extracted with 0.25% formic acid in ultrasonic bath and purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) on Strata-X cartridges. The samples were analysed on Luna C8 liquid chromatography column with gradient programme by acetonitrile and 0.025 M phosphoric acid with 0.0025 M sodium 1- heptanesulfonate monohydrate. The method was successfully validated according to the requirements of the European Decision 2002/657/EC. Recoveries of the components from spiked feed samples ranged from 55%-70%. Repeatability was <7%. The method presented here proved to be efficient, rapid, and a selective approach for determination of fluoroquinolones in feed.

The aim of the study was the assessment of microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010. The examinations were done at all veterinary diagnostic laboratories operating in the frame of official laboratory system. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and counts of Enterobacteriaceae family, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total microorganisms, and fungi were assessed. Assays were done following Polish, European, and international standards. Percentage of contamination of compound feed for poultry, pigs, and cattle by Salmonella sp. ranged from 0% to 3.5%. The highest contamination level by Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were detected in wet petfood. No more than 10⁶ cfu/g of aerobic bacteria and no more than 10⁵ cfu/g of fungi were detected in the feed. The results of the study revealed that the microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010 was better than the quality of the feed used in 2003-2006.

The aim of the study was to describe the distribution of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) of EF-hand family, namely calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the preoptic area (POA) of the ram. Frozen sections were processed for a routine immunofluorescence labelling. CART, calbindin, and calretinin immunoreactivity was present in neurons and fibers of the preoptic area, whereas parvalbumin showed immunoreactivity only in the POA fibers. CART displayed from a moderate to low immunoreactivity in cells and a high immunoreactivity in fibers. The highest immunoreactivity of all studied CaBPs exhibited calbindin, whereas the lowest parvalbumin. The results of the present study suggest that among the studied CaBPs, calbindin is the most likely to be involved in the participation of the important regulatory functions in the ram’s POA and the rich CART innervation seems to be strictly related to its control of the reproduction.

The study aimed at presenting the most frequent male gonadal tumours in dogs, their clinical and histopathological aspects, at outlining aetiopathogenesis and differential diagnosis of the tumours. As examples of the most frequently manifested testicular tumours, three clinical cases were presented, involving tumour of interstitial (Leydig) cells, tumour of Sertoli cells, and seminoma. Respective clinical diagnosis employed USG, X-ray patterns, and morphological and biochemical tests. The surgically sampled material was stained with H+E and an attempt was made to establish expression of E-cadherin, calretinin, and Ki-67. It was shown that histopathological diagnosis of testicular tumours in dogs is frequently very difficult and complex and requires multidirectional studies.

Cats were injected with 2.4 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam, 0.36 mg/kg of xylazine, and 0.8 mg/kg of tramadol, then blood was collected from their peripheral veins at 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after the injection. Before injection, the same cats were used as control group (0 h). Biochemical and haematological parameters were measured. The results revealed that the combination of the compounds produced good immobilisation, with minimal changes over time in biochemical and haematological parameters, which were within biologically acceptable limits.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) on GnRH-induced LH and FSH secretion by porcine pituitary cells in vitro. Moreover, the concentrations of superoxide anion radical (O₂^-), as a possible mediator of 2-ME action, and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), as an oxidative stress indicator, were estimated. Pituitary cells were cultured in McCoy 5A medium with GnRH (positive control), with GnRH and 3.3×10^-11-3.3×10^-7M/L of 2-ME, or with GnRH and 2.7×10^-9- 2.7×10^-8 M/L of 17β-estradiol. The secretion of gonadotropins, as well as concentrations of superoxide anion and MDA were analysed after 2-72 h of the experiment. A positive correlation between 2-ME dose and FSH secretion from anterior pituitary cells (r=0.72, 0.95, 0.92, 0.90, 0.85, and 0.82 after 2, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively) was demonstrated. In contrast, a negative correlation between 2-ME concentration and LH secretion was observed (r=-0.82, -0.72, -0.85, -0.89, -0.93, and -0.79 after 2, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively). The concentration of O₂^-. was increasing under the influence of the rising doses of 2-ME, whereas the mean level of MDA was not changing significantly.

The aim of the study was to analyse densitometric and geometric parameters of healthy and deformed tibiotarsal bones of male turkeys of heavy type with the use of computed tomography. The influence of a bone type (healthy or deformed) and the area of the measurements (the proximal metaphysis and middle of the diaphysis) on these parameters were studied. It was found that the diaphysis of the deformed tibiotarsal bones (45 g) had higher values of the studied parameters than healthy bones (36 g) and they were as follows: BMC - 60.04 mg/mm, vBMD - 549.11 mg/cm³, TRAB_A - 48.34 mm², CRT_A - 55.57 mm², PERI_C - 37.55 mm, ENDO_C - 25.42 mm, SSI - 151.19 mm³. The studied parameters were significantly lower in the proximal metaphyses of the deformed tibial bones and amounted to: BMC - 29.48 mg/mm, TRAB_A - 42.22 mm², CRT_A - 21.44 mm², PERI_C - 34.64 mm, ENDO_C - 28.06 mm, SSI - 44.87 mm³. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that significant differences in the densitometric and geometric parameters between the proximal metaphysis and the middle of the diaphysis of the deformed bones may result in deformities and fractures of tibiotarsal bones.

The objective of the presented study was to compare rubidium concentration in different organs of bitches, depending on their health state. Samples of muscles, liver, and kidneys collected post mortem from 45 animals, at the age of 1-8 years, were examined. Chemical analysis was conducted using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy method. The contents of rubidium in particular organs varied from 2.07 to 4.52, from 1.25 to 3.81, and from 1.32 to 3.78 mg·kg^-1 of wet weight for muscle, kidney, and liver samples, respectively. The highest values were observed in animals with neoplastic disease and the lowest in healthy animals. These differences were highly statistically significant.

A group of 12 dogs, eight of small breeds and four of medium-sized breeds, were used in the study. Prior to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, all dogs were subjected to neurological, laboratory, and electroencephalographic examinations, and trans-fontanel ultrasonography was additionally performed in two patients. The acquired obstructive hydrocephalus was diagnosed in two dogs, idiopathic obstructive hydrocephalus - in four patients, obstructive congenital hydrocephalus - in five dogs, and hydrocephalus ex vacuo- in one patient. Ten dogs were put under the pharmacological therapy, and in two patients the condition was treated surgically. MRI proved to be a valuable tool that supports selection of the appropriate pharmacological and surgical treatment. MRI scans also appear to be useful in monitoring an effectiveness of the applied form of treatment.

The research carried out at a mink farm aimed to determine the effect of blood plasma supplemented diet applied at the period preparing mink for reproduction on the animal organism. The studies included four groups of mink. The control group received a non-supplemented diet, while the experimental groups had feed with additive of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of beef-pork plasma in the daily feed ration. The pathomorphological and immunohistochemical evaluation was performed on the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, and bowel from all the groups. Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical changes of various intensity were observed in the examined organs from all experimental groups.

The aim of this study was to evaluate systolic function of left ventricle in dogs with spontaneous mitral regurgitation by estimating the rate of pressure rise in the left ventricle (dP/dt). Ninety-three dogs of different breed and sex, with chronic degenerative valvular disease were examined. All dogs had echocardiography examination with dP/dt estimation assessed from mitral regurgitant jet using continuous Doppler-echocardiography. The dogs were divided into four classes of heart failure according to NYHA class. Results: dogs in NYHA I dP/dt = 2,142 ±1,309, SF=33.6±10.5, EF=66.58± 14; NYHA II dP/dt = 3,062 ±1,798, SF=42 ±10, EF=76.5 ±11.5; NYHA III dP/dt = 3,483 ±2,136, SF=44.2 ±21, EF=75.7 ±13; NYHA IV dP/dt = 4,496 ±1,797, SF=40.6 ±6, EF=70.4 ±16. Dogs with chronic cardiac insufficiency and mitral insufficiency due to chronic degenerative valvular disease had no echocardiograhic evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction assessed from mitral regurgitant jet dP/dt.

The aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between basic meat composition (water, protein, fat, and connective tissue contents), pH value, and physical parameters (texture and colour, drip loss) of selected beef muscles. Five different muscles (LTH, SEM, SET, PSM, TRI) from 20 carcasses were examined. Measurements of the basic meat composition were conducted using a near infrared spectrometry method, colour parameters in L*a*b system, and texture parameters. Drip loss correlated strongly negatively with the pH value. Depending on the muscle type, the correlation ranged -0.601≤r≤-0.282, whereas drip loss correlated moderately positively with connective tissue content. The most significant positive correlation (r≈0.67) between hardness, tenderness, and fat content was noted in the SEM. Colour parameters strongly depended on pH values (-0.831≤r_L*≤-0.338; - 0.828≤r_a*≤-0.542; -0.912≤r_b*≤-0.719) and to a lesser extent on the content of connective tissue.

The morphology of the striatum (St, caudoputamen complex) and globus pallidus (GP) was studied by stereological methods in representatives of four mammalian orders (Insectivora, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora). The aim of our study was to give the first detailed morphometric characteristics of the St and GP in the animals. The paraffin-embedded brain tissue blocks were cut in the coronal plane into 50 μm sections, which were stained for Nissl substance. The morphometric analysis of the St and GP has included such parameters as the volume, numerical density, and total number of neurons. The increase in the volume of the St and GP was accompanied by an increase in the total number of neurons and a decrease in their numerical density. The percentage contribution of the GP volume in the corpus striatum shows progressive traits in the common shrew and fox.

The objective of this study was to describe laparoscopic-assisted colopexy (LAC) technique, and compare the extent of the surgical trauma after LAC and open colopexy (OC) by examing postoperative serum values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs. Twelve healthy mixed-breed dogs with body weight ranging from 15 to 25 kg were used. Two portal sites were used for LAC procedures. OC was performed by laparotomy on linea alba. Colopexy was accomplished in all dogs without major intraoperative and postoperative complications. A permanent adhesion between the colon and abdominal wall was observed. There were statistically significant differences in serum CRP levels between LAC and OC immediately after the procedure and 1 d post operation. LAC had a similar pexy effect to OC, but had fewer surgical trauma than OC in dogs.