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The influence of training, membership and employee age on turnover intention in co-operative financial institutions

Przemysław Piasecki
Przemysław Piasecki
   | 14 mai 2024
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Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 14 mai 2024
Pages: 109 - 124
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijcm-2024-0005
Mots clés
© 2024 Przemysław Piasecki et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

The relationships between the study variables and the research hypotheses. The solid lines represent the relationships described in the research hypotheses. The dashed lines indicate relationships not directly addressed by the hypotheses (the interaction of training intensity and employee age) that were also analysed.
The relationships between the study variables and the research hypotheses. The solid lines represent the relationships described in the research hypotheses. The dashed lines indicate relationships not directly addressed by the hypotheses (the interaction of training intensity and employee age) that were also analysed.

Figure 2.

Two-way interaction between number of training events and ownership of bank shares. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training events and ownership of bank shares on turnover intention (see Model 3 from Table 2). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.
Two-way interaction between number of training events and ownership of bank shares. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training events and ownership of bank shares on turnover intention (see Model 3 from Table 2). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.

Figure 3.

Two-way interaction between number of training days and ownership of bank shares. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training days and ownership of bank shares on turnover intention (see Model 2 from Table 3). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.
Two-way interaction between number of training days and ownership of bank shares. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training days and ownership of bank shares on turnover intention (see Model 2 from Table 3). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.

Figure 4.

Three-way interaction between number of training events, ownership of bank shares and employee age. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training events, ownership of bank shares and employee age on turnover intention (see Model 5 from Table 2). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.
Three-way interaction between number of training events, ownership of bank shares and employee age. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training events, ownership of bank shares and employee age on turnover intention (see Model 5 from Table 2). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.

Figure 5.

Three-way interaction between number of training days, ownership of bank shares and employee age. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training days, ownership of bank shares and employee age on turnover intention (see Model 4 from Table 3). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.
Three-way interaction between number of training days, ownership of bank shares and employee age. Figure presents the interaction effect of number of training days, ownership of bank shares and employee age on turnover intention (see Model 4 from Table 3). The solid line shows a statistically significant change. -1 SD/+1 SD: one standard deviation below/above the mean.

MLM results for number of training days (random intercept models)

Variable 1. 2. 3. 4.
Gender -0.313(0.000) -0.306(0.000) -0.311(0.000) -0.309(0.000)
Position -0.249(0.000) -0.230(0.000) -0.217(0.001) -0.202(0.002)
Education 0.447(0.000) 0.449(0.000) 0.409(0.000) 0.424(0.000)
Company size 0.333(0.010) 0.328(0.010) 0.340(0.009) 0.342(0.009)
Training (days) -0.055(0.001) -0.025(0.318) -0.039(0.069) -0.049(0.096)
Ownership of bank shares 0.003(0.963) 0.006(0.939)
Training (days)*Ownership of bank shares -0.058(0.082) 0.014(0.752)
Age -0.102(0.080) -0.127(0.156)
Training (days)*Age -0.029(0.372) 0.094(0.101)
Ownership of bank shares*Age 0.062(0.577)
Training (days)*Ownership of bank shares*Age -0.175(0.015)
Intercept 2.334(0.000) 2.331(0.000) 2.396(0.000) 2.375(0.000)
Intercept variance 0.116 0.115 0.120 0.120
Within-company between-employee variance 0.951 0.948 0.948 0.942
Number of observations 1576 1570 1567 1561
Log likelihood -2227.378 -2216.443 -2213.129 -2199.417

Means, standard deviations and correlations among the study variables.

M SD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Gender 0.793 0.405 - - - - - - - -
2. Position 0.239 0.427 -0.177** - - - - - - -
3. Education 0.835 0.372 -0.108** 0.108** - - - - - -
4. Company size 0.617 0.486 -0.016 -0.031 0.078** - - - - -
5. Ownership of bank shares 0.590 0.492 0.005 0.152** -0.118** 0.132** - - - -
6. Age 0.434 0.496 0.010 0.216** -0.390** 0.020 0.227** - - -
7. Training (events) 1.837 1.484 -0.022 0.276** 0.008 -0.047 0.209** 0.110** - -
8. Training (days) 2.206 1.690 -0.027 0.260** 0.021 -0.025 0.208** 0.110** 0.890** -
9. Turnover intention 2.552 1.069 -0.110** -0.087** 0.186** 0.176** -0.039 -0.144** -0.112** -0.125**

MLM results for the number of training events (random slope models)

Variable 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Gender -0.317 -0.303 -0.295 -0.301 -0.298
- (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Position -0.298 -0.256 -0.233 -0.225 -0.211
- (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001)
Education 0.425 0.424 0.424 0.392 0.399
- (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Company size 0.330 0.346 0.346 0.359 0.357
- (0.008) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Training (events) - -0.060 -0.018 -0.034 -0.035
- - (0.015) (0.590) (0.241) (0.351)
Ownership of bank shares - - -0.009 - -0.003
- - - (0.880) - (0.967)
Training (events)*Ownership of bank shares - - -0.083 - -0.012
- - (0.037) - (0.820)
Age - - - -0.089 -0.105
- - - (0.125) (0.242)
Training (events)*Age - - - -0.053 0.072
- - - (0.167) (0.280)
Ownership of bank shares*Age - - - - 0.044
- - - - (0.691)
Training (events)*Ownership of bank shares*Age - - - - -0.165
- - - - (0.045)
Intercept 2.363 2.347 2.351 2.397 2.391
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Slope variance 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.007
Intercept variance 0.111 0.118 0.116 0.123 0.122
Covariance between random intercepts and slopes - -0.018 -0.018 -0.019 -0.020
Within-company between-employee variance 0.957 0.947 0.942 0.945 0.938
Number of observations 1653 1577 1571 1568 1562
Log likelihood -2340.056 -2231.579 -2219.648 -2216.900 -2203.586
Likelihood-ratio test statistic(comparison with random intercept model) 6.29(0.043) 7.10(0.029) 5.82(0.055) 7.00(0.030)

MLM results for the number of training days (random slope models)

Variable 1. 2. 3. 4.
Gender -0.304 -0.296 -0.301 -0.299
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Position -0.246 -0.224 -0.218 -0.201
(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.002)
Education 0.440 0.443 0.408 0.422
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Company size 0.351 0.349 0.361 0.362
(0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Training (days) -0.066 -0.035 -0.048 -0.059
(0.003) (0.239) (0.065) (0.074)
Ownership of bank shares - -0.001 - 0.005
- (0.989) - (0.942)
Training (days) *Ownership of bank shares - -0.065 - 0.010
- (0.063) (0.818)
Age - - -0.088 -0.105
- - (0.129) (0.240)
Training (days)*Age - - -0.034 0.093
- - (0.309) (0.103)
Ownership of bank shares*Age - - - 0.048
- - - (0.661)
Training (days)*Ownership of bank - - - -0.178
shares*Age - - - (0.013)
Intercept 2.325 2.322 2.375 2.356
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Slope variance 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007
Intercept variance 0.119 0.117 0.123 0.122
Covariance between random intercepts and slopes -0.016 -0.016 -0.017 -0.018
Within-company between-employee variance 0.937 0.933 0.935 0.927
Number of observations 1,576 1,570 1,567 1,561
Log likelihood -2,223.244 -2,211.652 -2,209.014 -2,194.731
Likelihood-ratio test statistic (the comparison with random intercept model) 8.27 (0.016) 9.58 (0.008) 8.23 (0.016) 9.37 (0.009)

MLM results for number of training events (random intercept models)

Variable 1. 2. 3. 4.
Gender -0.309 -0.301 -0.306 -0.303
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Position -0.262 -0.239 -0.225 -0.213
(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001)
Education 0.430 0.429 0.392 0.400
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Company size 0.329 0.323 0.334 0.332
(0.010) (0.012) (0.010) (0.011)
Training (events) -0.046 -0.001 -0.020 -0.017
(0.015) (0.970) (0.417) (0.624)
Ownership of bank shares -0.010 -0.006
(0.869) (0.936)
Training (events)*Ownership of bank shares -0.082 -0.013
(0.032) (0.788)
Age -0.103 -0.123
(0.077) (0.170)
Training (events)*Age -0.052 0.065
(0.169) (0.327)
Ownership of bank shares*Age 0.053
(0.630)
Training (events)*Ownership of bank shares *Age -0.157
(0.057)
Intercept 2.353 2.361 2.415 2.409
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Intercept variance 0.115 0.115 0.119 0.119
Within-company between-employee variance 0.958 0.954 0.955 0.949
Number of observations 1577 1571 1568 1562
log likelihood -2234.724 -2223.197 -2219.809 -2207.083
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