Soule, E.K., S.F. Maloney, T.R. Spindle, A.K. Rudy, M.M. Hiler, and C.O. Cobb: Electronic Cigarette Use and Indoor Air Quality in a Natural Setting; Tob. Control 26 (2017) 109–112. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052772SouleE.K.MaloneyS.F.SpindleT.R.RudyA.K.HilerM.M.CobbC.O.Electronic Cigarette Use and Indoor Air Quality in a Natural SettingTob. Control26201710911210.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052772498544126880745Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco Regulation: Tobreg Scientific Recommendation: Devices Designed for the Purpose of Nicotine Delivery to the Respiratory System in Which Tobacco is not Necessary for Their Operation; in: Report on the Scientific Basis of Product Regulation: Third Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 955; WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009, pp. 3–13.World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco RegulationTobreg Scientific Recommendation: Devices Designed for the Purpose of Nicotine Delivery to the Respiratory System in Which Tobacco is not Necessary for Their Operationin:Report on the Scientific Basis of Product Regulation: Third Report of a WHO Study GroupWHO Technical Report Series 955;WHOGeneva, Switzerland2009313Search in Google Scholar
Farsalinos, K.E. and R. Polosa: Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: A Systematic Review; Ther. Adv. Drug Saf. 5 (2014) 67–86. DOI: 10.1177/2042098614524430FarsalinosK.E.PolosaR.Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: A Systematic ReviewTher. Adv. Drug Saf.52014678610.1177/2042098614524430411087125083263Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Abrams, D.B. and R. Niaura: The Importance of Science-Informed Policy and what the Data Really Tell us About E-cigarettes; Isr. J. Health Policy Res. 4 (2015) 22. DOI: 10.1186/s13584-015-0021-zAbramsD.B.NiauraR.The Importance of Science-Informed Policy and what the Data Really Tell us About E-cigarettesIsr. J. Health Policy Res.420152210.1186/s13584-015-0021-z446532426075054Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Goniewicz, M.L., J. Knysak, M. Gawron, L. Kosmider, A. Sobczak, J. Kurek, A. Prokopowicz, M. Jablonska-Czapla, C. Rosik-Dulewska, C. Havel, P. Jacob III, and N. Benowitz: Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic Cigarettes; Tob. Control 23 (2014) 133–139. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859GoniewiczM.L.KnysakJ.GawronM.KosmiderL.SobczakA.KurekJ.ProkopowiczA.Jablonska-CzaplaM.Rosik-DulewskaC.HavelC.JacobP.IIIBenowitzN.Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic CigarettesTob. Control23201413313910.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859415447323467656Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hajek, P., J.F. Etter, N. Benowitz, T. Eissenberg, and H. McRobbie: Electronic Cigarettes: Review of Use, Content, Safety, Effects on Smokers and Potential for Harm and Benefit; Addiction 109 (2014) 1801–1810. DOI: 10.1111/add.12659HajekP.EtterJ.F.BenowitzN.EissenbergT.McRobbieH.Electronic Cigarettes: Review of Use, Content, Safety, Effects on Smokers and Potential for Harm and BenefitAddiction10920141801181010.1111/add.12659448778525078252Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hecht, S.S., S.G. Carmella, D. Kotandeniya, M.E. Pillsbury, M. Chen, B.W. Ransom, R.I. Vogel, E. Thompson, S.E. Murphy, and D.K. Hatsukami: Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of E-cigarette Users Versus Cigarette Smokers; Nicotine Tob. Res. 17 (2015) 704–709. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu218HechtS.S.CarmellaS.G.KotandeniyaD.PillsburyM.E.ChenM.RansomB.W.VogelR.I.ThompsonE.MurphyS.E.HatsukamiD.K.Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of E-cigarette Users Versus Cigarette SmokersNicotine Tob. Res.17201570470910.1093/ntr/ntu218448172325335945Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS): The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276/ (accessed February 2021)U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon GeneralCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, GA, USA2014Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276/ (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Marcham, C.L. and J.P. Springston: Electronic Cigarettes in the Indoor Environment; Rev. Environ. Health 34 (2019) 105–124. DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0012MarchamC.L.SpringstonJ.P.Electronic Cigarettes in the Indoor EnvironmentRev. Environ. Health34201910512410.1515/reveh-2019-001231112510Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Belushkin, M., D.T. Djoko, M. Esposito, A. Korneliou, C. Jeannet, M. Lazzerini, and G. Jaccard: Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Consitutents Levels in Commercial E-cigarettes; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 33 (2019) 657–668. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00470BelushkinM.DjokoD.T.EspositoM.KorneliouA.JeannetC.LazzeriniM.JaccardG.Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Consitutents Levels in Commercial E-cigarettesChem. Res. Toxicol.33201965766810.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b0047031859484Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
van Drooge, B., E. Marco, N. Perez, and J.O. Grimalt: Influence of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on the Composition of Indoor Organic Pollutants, Particles, and Exhaled Breath of Bystanders; Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 26 (2018) 4654–4666. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3975-xvan DroogeB.MarcoE.PerezN.GrimaltJ.O.Influence of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on the Composition of Indoor Organic Pollutants, Particles, and Exhaled Breath of BystandersEnviron. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.2620184654466610.1007/s11356-018-3975-x30560536Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Burstyn, I.: Peering Through the Mist: Systematic Review of what the Chemistry of Contaminants in Electronic Cigarettes Tells us About Health Risks; BMC Public Health 14 (2014) 18. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-18BurstynI.Peering Through the Mist: Systematic Review of what the Chemistry of Contaminants in Electronic Cigarettes Tells us About Health RisksBMC Public Health1420141810.1186/1471-2458-14-18393715824406205Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chang, H.: Research Gaps Related to the Environmental Impacts of Electronic Cigarettes; Tob. Control 23, Suppl. 2 (2014) ii54–ii58. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051480ChangH.Research Gaps Related to the Environmental Impacts of Electronic CigaretteTob. Control23Suppl. 22014ii54ii5810.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051480399527424732165Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Melstrom, P., B. Koszowski, M.H. Thanner, E. Hoh, B. King, R. Bunnell, and T. McAfee: Measuring PM2.5, Ultrafine Particles, Nicotine Air and Wipe Samples Following the Use of Electronic Cigarettes; Nicotine Tob. Res. 19 (2017) 1055–1061. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx058MelstromP.KoszowskiB.ThannerM.H.HohE.KingB.BunnellR.McAfeeT.Measuring PM2.5, Ultrafine Particles, Nicotine Air and Wipe Samples Following the Use of Electronic CigarettesNicotine Tob. Res.1920171055106110.1093/ntr/ntx05828340080Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
O’Connell, G., S. Colard, X. Cahours, and J.D. Pritchard: An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality Before, During and After Unrestricted Use of E-cigarettes in a Small Room; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 12 (2015) 4889–4907. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504889O’ConnellG.ColardS.CahoursX.PritchardJ.D.An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality Before, During and After Unrestricted Use of E-cigarettes in a Small RoomInt. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health.1220154889490710.3390/ijerph120504889445494425955526Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Geiss, O., I. Bianchi, F. Barahona, and J. Barrero-Moreno: Characterisation of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by Selected Electronic Cigarettes; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 218 (2015) 169–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001GeissO.BianchiI.BarahonaF.Barrero-MorenoJ.Characterisation of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by Selected Electronic CigarettesInt. J. Hyg. Environ. Health218201516918010.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.00125455424Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Maloney, J.C., M.K. Thompson, M.J. Oldham, C.L. Stiff, P.D. Lilly, G.J. Patskan, K.H. Shafer, and M.A. Sarkar: Insights from Two Industrial Hygiene Pilot E-cigarette Passive Vaping Studies; J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13 (2016) 275–283. DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1116693MaloneyJ.C.ThompsonM.K.OldhamM.J.StiffC.L.LillyP.D.PatskanG.J.ShaferK.H.SarkarM.A.Insights from Two Industrial Hygiene Pilot E-cigarette Passive Vaping StudiesJ. Occup. Environ. Hyg.13201627528310.1080/15459624.2015.111669326576834Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zainol Abidin, N., E. Zainal Abidin, A. Zulkifli, K. Karuppiah, S.N. Syed Ismail, and A.S. Amer Nordin: Electronic Cigarettes and Indoor Air Quality: A Review of Studies Using Human Volunteers; Rev. Environ. Health 32 (2017) 235–244. DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0059Zainol AbidinN.Zainal AbidinE.ZulkifliA.KaruppiahK.Syed IsmailS.N.Amer NordinA.S.Electronic Cigarettes and Indoor Air Quality: A Review of Studies Using Human VolunteersRev. Environ. Health32201723524410.1515/reveh-2016-005928107173Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Czogala, J., M.L. Goniewicz, B. Fidelus, W. Zielinska-Danch, M.J. Travers, and A. Sobczak: Secondhand Exposure to Vapors from Electronic Cigarettes; Nicotine Tob. Res. 16 (2014) 655–662. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt203CzogalaJ.GoniewiczM.L.FidelusB.Zielinska-DanchW.TraversM.J.SobczakA.Secondhand Exposure to Vapors from Electronic CigarettesNicotine Tob. Res.16201465566210.1093/ntr/ntt203456599124336346Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Saffari, A., N. Daher, A. Ruprecht, C. De Marco, P. Pozzi, R. Boffi, S.H. Hamad, M.M. Shafer, J.J. Schauer, D. Westerdahl, and C. Sioutas: Particulate Metals and Organic Compounds from Electronic and Tobacco-Containing Cigarettes: Comparison of Emission Rates and Secondhand Exposure; Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 16 (2014) 2259–2267. DOI: 10.1039/c4em00415aSaffariA.DaherN.RuprechtA.De MarcoC.PozziP.BoffiR.HamadS.H.ShaferM.M.SchauerJ.J.WesterdahlD.SioutasC.Particulate Metals and Organic Compounds from Electronic and Tobacco-Containing Cigarettes: Comparison of Emission Rates and Secondhand ExposureEnviron. Sci. Process. Impacts1620142259226710.1039/c4em00415a25180481Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rupprecht, A.A., C. De Marco, A. Saffari, P. Pozzi, R. Mazza, C. Veronese, G. Angellotti, E. Munarini, A.C. Ogliari, D. Westerdahl, S. Hasheminassab, M.M. Shafer, J.J. Schauer, J. Repace, C. Sioutas, and R. Boffi: Environmental Pollution and Emission Factors of Electronic Cigarettes, Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products, and Conventional Cigarettes; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51 (2017) 674–684. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017.1300231RupprechtA.A.De MarcoC.SaffariA.PozziP.MazzaR.VeroneseC.AngellottiG.MunariniE.OgliariA.C.WesterdahlD.HasheminassabS.ShaferM.M.SchauerJ.J.RepaceJ.SioutasC.BoffiR.Environmental Pollution and Emission Factors of Electronic Cigarettes, Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products, and Conventional CigarettesAerosol Sci. Technol.51201767468410.1080/02786826.2017.1300231Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Protano, C., M. Manigrasso, V. Cammalleri, G.B. Zoccai, G. Frati, P. Avino, and M. Vitali: Impact of Electronic Alternatives to Tobacco Cigarettes on Indoor Air Particular Matter Levels; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020) E2947. DOI: 10:3390/ijerph17082947ProtanoC.ManigrassoM.CammalleriV.ZoccaiG.B.FratiG.AvinoP.VitaliM.Impact of Electronic Alternatives to Tobacco Cigarettes on Indoor Air Particular Matter LevelsInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health172020E294710:3390/ijerph17082947Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sadvie, J., N. Canha, N. Buitrago, and S.M. Almeida: Passive Exporure to Pollutants from a New Generation of Cigarettes in Real Life Scenarios; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020) 3455. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103455SadvieJ.CanhaN.BuitragoN.AlmeidaS.M.Passive Exporure to Pollutants from a New Generation of Cigarettes in Real Life ScenariosInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health172020345510.3390/ijerph17103455Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ballbè, M., J.M. Martinez-Sanchez, X. Sureda, M. Fu, R. Pérez-Ortuño, J.A. Pascual, E. Saltó, and E. Fernandez: Cigarettes vs. E-cigarettes: Passive Exposure at Home Measured by Means of Airborne Marker and Biomarkers; Environ. Res. 135 (2014) 76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005BallbèM.Martinez-SanchezJ.M.SuredaX.FuM.Pérez-OrtuñoR.PascualJ.A.SaltóE.FernandezE.Cigarettes vs. E-cigarettes: Passive Exposure at Home Measured by Means of Airborne Marker and BiomarkersEnviron. Res.1352014768010.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Schober, W., K. Szendrei, W. Matzen, H. Osiander-Fuchs, D. Heitmann, T. Schettgen, R.A. Jörres, and A. Fromme: Use of Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes) Impairs Indoor Air Quality and Increases FeNO Levels of E-cigarette Consumers; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 217 (2014) 628–637. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003SchoberW.SzendreiK.MatzenW.Osiander-FuchsH.HeitmannD.SchettgenT.JörresR.A.FrommeA.Use of Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes) Impairs Indoor Air Quality and Increases FeNO Levels of E-cigarette ConsumersInt. J. Hyg. Environ. Health.217201462863710.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Johnson, J.M., L.P. Naeher, X. Yu, S.L. Rathbun, J.L. Muilenburg, and J.S. Wang: Air Monitoring at Large Public Electronic Cigarette Events; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 221 (2018) 541–547. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.003JohnsonJ.M.NaeherL.P.YuX.RathbunS.L.MuilenburgJ.L.WangJ.S.Air Monitoring at Large Public Electronic Cigarette EventsInt. J. Hyg. Environ. Health221201854154710.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nelson, P.R., S.P. Kelly, and F.W. Conrad: Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes; J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 48 (1998) 336–344. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463685NelsonP.R.KellyS.P.ConradF.W.Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different CigarettesJ. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.48199833634410.1080/10473289.1998.10463685Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Schripp, T., D. Markewitz, E. Uhde, and T. Salthammer: Does E-cigarette Consumption Cause Passive Vaping?; Indoor Air 23 (2013) 25–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.xSchrippT.MarkewitzD.UhdeE.SalthammerT.Does E-cigarette Consumption Cause Passive Vaping?Indoor Air232013253110.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Liu, J., Q. Liang, M.J. Oldham, A.A. Rostami, K.A. Wagner, I.G. Gillman, P. Patel, R. Savioz, and M. Sarkar: Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces After the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional Cigarettes; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2017) E969. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090969LiuJ.LiangQ.OldhamM.J.RostamiA.A.WagnerK.A.GillmanI.G.PatelP.SaviozR.SarkarM.Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces After the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional CigarettesInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health142017E96910.3390/ijerph14090969Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Martin, P., D.L. Heavner, P.R. Nelson, K.C. Maiolo, C.H. Risner, P.S. Simmons, W.T. Morgan, and M.W. Ogden: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): A Market Cigarette Study; Environ. Int. 23 (1997) 75–90. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00079-7MartinP.HeavnerD.L.NelsonP.R.MaioloK.C.RisnerC.H.SimmonsP.S.MorganW.T.OgdenM.W.Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): A Market Cigarette StudyEnviron. Int.231997759010.1016/S0160-4120(96)00079-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wells Fargo Securities: Nielsen: Tobacco All Channel Data Thru 8/11 – Cig Vol Decelerates. Available at: https://athra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Wells-Fargo-Nielsen-Tobacco-All-Channel-Report-Period-Ending-8.11.18.pdf (accessed February 2021)Wells Fargo SecuritiesNielsen: Tobacco All Channel Data Thru 8/11 – Cig Vol DeceleratesAvailable at: https://athra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Wells-Fargo-Nielsen-Tobacco-All-Channel-Report-Period-Ending-8.11.18.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke, Established List; FDA, 2012. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/04/03/2012-7727/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-in-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-established-list (accessed February 2021)U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke, Established ListFDA2012Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/04/03/2012-7727/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-in-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-established-list (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and Center for Vetinary Medicine (CVM): Bioanalytical Method Validation. Guidance for Industry; 2018. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Bioanalytical-Method-Validation-Guidance-for-Industry.pdf (accessed February 2021)U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and Center for Vetinary Medicine (CVM)Bioanalytical Method Validation. Guidance for Industry2018Available at: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Bioanalytical-Method-Validation-Guidance-for-Industry.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
European Medicines Agency (EMA): Guideline on Validation of Bioanalytical Methods; London, UK, 2015. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf (accessed February 2021)European Medicines Agency (EMA)Guideline on Validation of Bioanalytical MethodsLondon, UK2015Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency (EPA): Compendium Method TO-17. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes; EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1999. Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/to-17r.pdf (accessed February 2021)U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency (EPA)Compendium Method TO-17. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent TubesEPACincinnati, OH, USA1999Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/to-17r.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Formaldehyde, Method No. 2016. in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods; 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/2016.pdf (accessed February 2021)The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)Formaldehyde, Method No. 2016in:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods4th Edition2003Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/2016.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Ammonia by IC, Method No. 6016; in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods; 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/3800.pdf (accessed February 2021)The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)Ammonia by IC, Method No. 6016in:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods4th Edition2003Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/3800.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Hydroquinone. Method PV2094; OSHA, Washington, DC, USA, 1994. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2094/pv2094.html (accessed February 2021)U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Hydroquinone. Method PV2094OSHAWashington, DC, USA1994Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2094/pv2094.html (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 50. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Determination of Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine in the Vapor Phase; Paris, France, 2002. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_50.pdf (accessed February 2021)Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTARecommended Method No. 50. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Determination of Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine in the Vapor PhaseParis, France2002Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_50.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Particulates not Otherwise Regulated, Total; in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/0501.pdf (accessed February 2021)The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)Particulates not Otherwise Regulated, Totalin:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods4th Edition2003Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/0501.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 52. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles. Method Based on Solanesol Determination; Paris, France, 2002. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_52_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTARecommended Method No. 52. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended ParticlesMethod Based on Solanesol DeterminationParis, France2002Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_52_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 51. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles – Determination of Particulate Matter by Ultraviolet Absorbance and by Fluorescence; Paris, France, 2003. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_51_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTARecommended Method No. 51. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles – Determination of Particulate Matter by Ultraviolet Absorbance and by FluorescenceParis, France2003Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_51_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Riess, U., U. Tegtbur, C. Fauck, F. Fuhrmann, D. Markewitz, and T. Salthammer: Experimental Setup and Analytical Methods for the Non-Invasive Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde and NOx in Exhaled Human Breath; Anal. Chim. Acta 669 (2010) 53–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.049RiessU.TegtburU.FauckC.FuhrmannF.MarkewitzD.SalthammerT.Experimental Setup and Analytical Methods for the Non-Invasive Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde and NOx in Exhaled Human BreathAnal. Chim. Acta6692010536210.1016/j.aca.2010.04.04920510903Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wallace, L.A. and E.D. Pellizzari: Recent Advances in Measuring Exhaled Breath and Estimating Exposure and Body Burden for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs); Environ Health Perspect. 103, Suppl 3 (1995) 95–98. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.95103s395WallaceL.A.PellizzariE.D.Recent Advances in Measuring Exhaled Breath and Estimating Exposure and Body Burden for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Environ Health Perspect103Suppl 31995959810.1289/ehp.95103s395Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive (HSE): EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits. Containing the List of Workplace Exposure Limits for Use with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended); January 2020. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/eh40.htm (accessed February 2021).Health and Safety Executive (HSE)EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits. Containing the List of Workplace Exposure Limits for Use with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended)January2020Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/eh40.htm (accessed February 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): List of MAK and BAT Values 2020. Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace; Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. Report 56. July 1, 2020. Available at https://series.publisso.de/sites/default/files/documents/series/mak/lmbv/Vol2020/Iss2/Doc002/mbwl_2020_eng.pdf (accessed March 2021)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)List of MAK and BAT Values 2020. Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the WorkplacePermanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. Report 56July 1, 2020Available at https://series.publisso.de/sites/default/files/documents/series/mak/lmbv/Vol2020/Iss2/Doc002/mbwl_2020_eng.pdf (accessed March 2021)Search in Google Scholar
German Federal Environmental Protection Agency: Indoor Air Guide Value for Propane-1,2-diol (Propylene Glycol). Communication from the Committee on Indoor Air Guide Values; Bundesgesundheitsblatt 60, (2017) 1298–1304. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-017-2631-9German Federal Environmental Protection AgencyIndoor Air Guide Value for Propane-1,2-diol (Propylene Glycol). Communication from the Committee on Indoor Air Guide ValuesBundesgesundheitsblatt6020171298130410.1007/s00103-017-2631-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines: Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants – Volume 5; Available at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12529/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-5 (accessed March 2021)National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee on Spacecraft Exposure GuidelinesSpacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants – Volume 5Available at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12529/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-5 (accessed March 2021)Search in Google Scholar
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Guide to Occupational Exposure Values; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, 2017.American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Guide to Occupational Exposure ValuesAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsCincinnati, Ohio, USA2017Search in Google Scholar
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety: Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol). Health-Based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limit; Available at https://www.healthcouncil.nl/documents/advisory-reports/2007/10/17/propylene-glycol-12-propanediol (accessed March 2021)Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational SafetyPropylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol). Health-Based Recommended Occupational Exposure LimitAvailable at https://www.healthcouncil.nl/documents/advisory-reports/2007/10/17/propylene-glycol-12-propanediol (accessed March 2021)Search in Google Scholar
Suber, R.L., R. Deskin, I. Nikiforov, X. Fouillet, and C.R.E. Coggins: Subchronic Nose-Only Inhalation Study of Propylene Glycol in Sprague-Dawley Rats; Food Chem. Toxicol. 27 (1989) 573–583. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(89)90016-1SuberR.L.DeskinR.NikiforovI.FouilletX.CogginsC.R.E.Subchronic Nose-Only Inhalation Study of Propylene Glycol in Sprague-Dawley RatsFood Chem. Toxicol.27198957358310.1016/0278-6915(89)90016-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Klepeis, N.E. and W.W. Nazaroff: Modeling Residential Exposure to Secondhand Smoke; Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006) 4393–4407. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.018KlepeisN.E.NazaroffW.W.Modeling Residential Exposure to Secondhand SmokeAtmos. Environ.4020064393440710.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.018Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kosmider, L., A. Sobczak, M. Fik, J. Knysak, M. Zaciera, J. Kurek, and M.L. Goniewicz: Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage; Nicotine Tob. Res. 16 (2014) 1319–1326. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu078KosmiderL.SobczakA.FikM.KnysakJ.ZacieraM.KurekJ.GoniewiczM.L.Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output VoltageNicotine Tob. Res.1620141319132610.1093/ntr/ntu078483802824832759Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ogunwale, M.A., M. Li, M.V. Ramakrishnam Raju, Y. Chen, M.H. Nantz, D.J. Conklin, and X.A. Fu: Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols; ACS Omega 2 (2017) 1207–1214. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00489OgunwaleM.A.LiM.Ramakrishnam RajuM.V.ChenY.NantzM.H.ConklinD.J.FuX.A.Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette AerosolsACS Omega220171207121410.1021/acsomega.6b00489537727028393137Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wang, P., W. Chen, J. Liao, T. Matsuo, K. Ito, J. Fowles, D. Shusterman, M. Mendell, and K. Kumagai: A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents; PLOS ONE 12 (2017) e0169811. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169811WangP.ChenW.LiaoJ.MatsuoT.ItoK.FowlesJ.ShustermanD.MendellM.KumagaiK.A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette SolventsPLOS ONE122017e016981110.1371/journal.pone.0169811522672728076380Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO): WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants; World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2010. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127 (accessed February 2021)World Health Organization (WHO)WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected PollutantsWorld Health OrganizationCopenhagen, Denmark2010Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127 (accessed February 2021)Search in Google Scholar
European Union, EU Science Hub: The INDEX Project. Critical Appraisal of the Setting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU. Final Report; European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Ispra, Italy, 2005.European Union, EU Science HubThe INDEX Project. Critical Appraisal of the Setting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU. Final ReportEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure UnitIspra, Italy2005Search in Google Scholar
Brannelly, N.T., J.P. Hamilton-Shield, and A.J. Killard: The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical Diagnostics; Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 46 (2016) 490–501. DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1153949BrannellyN.T.Hamilton-ShieldJ.P.KillardA.J.The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical DiagnosticsCrit. Rev. Anal. Chem.46201649050110.1080/10408347.2016.115394926907707Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hibbard, T. and A.J. Killard: Breath Ammonia Levels in a Normal Human Population Study as Determined by Photoacoustic Laser Spectroscopy; J. Breath Res. 5 (2011) 037101. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037101HibbardT.KillardA.J.Breath Ammonia Levels in a Normal Human Population Study as Determined by Photoacoustic Laser SpectroscopyJ. Breath Res.5201103710110.1088/1752-7155/5/3/03710121654023Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rostami, A.A., Y.B. Pithawalla, J. Liu, M.J. Oldham, K.A. Wagner, K. Frost-Pineda, and M.A. Sarkar: A Well-Mixed Computational Model for Estimating Room Air Levels of Selected Constituents from E-Vapor Product Use; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (2016) E828. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080828RostamiA.A.PithawallaY.B.LiuJ.OldhamM.J.WagnerK.A.Frost-PinedaK.SarkarM.A.A Well-Mixed Computational Model for Estimating Room Air Levels of Selected Constituents from E-Vapor Product UseInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health132016E82810.3390/ijerph13080828499751427537903Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Widder, S.H. and L. Haselbach: Relationship Among Concentrations of Indoor Air Contaminants, Their Sources, and Different Mitigation Strategies on Indoor Air Quality; Sustainability 9 (2017) 1149–1165. DOI: 10.3390/su9071149WidderS.H.HaselbachL.Relationship Among Concentrations of Indoor Air Contaminants, Their Sources, and Different Mitigation Strategies on Indoor Air QualitySustainability920171149116510.3390/su9071149Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ingebrethsen, B.J., S.K. Cole, and S.L. Alderman: Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Measurements; Inhal. Toxicol. 24 (2012) 976–984. DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.744781IngebrethsenB.J.ColeS.K.AldermanS.L.Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Particle Size Distribution MeasurementsInhal. Toxicol.24201297698410.3109/08958378.2012.74478123216158Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Martuzevicius, D., T. Prasauskas, A. Setyan, G. O’Connell, X. Cahours, R. Julien, and S. Colard: Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-cigarette Mist and Cigarette Smoke; Nicotine Tob. Res. 21 (2019) 1371–1377. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty121MartuzeviciusD.PrasauskasT.SetyanA.O’ConnellG.CahoursX.JulienR.ColardS.Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-cigarette Mist and Cigarette SmokeNicotine Tob. Res.2120191371137710.1093/ntr/nty121675151929924352Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Conner, J.M., G.B. Oldaker III, and J.J. Murphy: Method for Assessing the Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Particles in Indoor Environments; Environ. Technol. 11 (1989) 189–196. DOI: 10.1080/09593339009384855ConnerJ.M.OldakerG.B.IIIMurphyJ.J.Method for Assessing the Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Particles in Indoor EnvironmentsEnviron. Technol.11198918919610.1080/09593339009384855Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nelson, P.R., D.L. Heavner, B.B. Collie, K.C. Maiolo, and M.W. Ogden: Effect of Ventilation and Sampling Time on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Component Ratios; Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1909–1915. DOI: 10.1021/es00034a005NelsonP.R.HeavnerD.L.CollieB.B.MaioloK.C.OgdenM.W.Effect of Ventilation and Sampling Time on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Component RatiosEnviron. Sci. Technol.2619921909191510.1021/es00034a005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ogden, M.W. and J.D. Richardson: Effect of Lighting and Storage Conditions on the Stability of Ultraviolet Particulate Matter, Fluorescent Particulate Matter, and Solanesol; Tob. Sci. 42 (1998) 10–15.OgdenM.W.RichardsonJ.D.Effect of Lighting and Storage Conditions on the Stability of Ultraviolet Particulate Matter, Fluorescent Particulate Matter, and SolanesolTob. Sci.4219981015Search in Google Scholar