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Occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene in West Asian countries: a brief review of current state and limits

Razzagh Rahimpoor
Razzagh Rahimpoor
, 
Fatemeh Sarvi
Fatemeh Sarvi
, 
Samira Rahimnejad
Samira Rahimnejad
 et 
Seyed Mohammad Ebrahimi
Seyed Mohammad Ebrahimi
   | 07 juil. 2022
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Article Category: Mini-review
Publié en ligne: 07 juil. 2022
Pages: 107 - 118
Reçu: 01 févr. 2022
Accepté: 01 juin 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3634
© 2022 Razzagh Rahimpoor, Fatemeh Sarvi, Samira Rahimnejad, and Seyed Mohammad Ebrahimi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Search steps to identify full-text articles about occupational exposure in West Asian countries
Search steps to identify full-text articles about occupational exposure in West Asian countries

Search strategy for articles on occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene across major literature databases (slight differences in search strings are owed to different functionality of these systems)

Web of Science (TS=(Benzene OR Toluene OR Ethylbenzene OR Xylenes OR Styrene OR Volatile Organic compound) AND TS=(Occupational exposure OR Industrial exposure OR Workplace exposure OR Chemical exposure) AND TS=(Threshold limit value OR Occupational exposure limit OR Recommended exposure level OR Permissible exposure limit) AND TS= (West Asia OR Middle east OR Iran OR Iraq OR Kuwait OR Syria OR Jordan OR Bahrain OR Lebanon OR Oman OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Afghanistan, Armenia OR Azerbaijan OR Yemen OR Israel OR Turkey OR Palestine) AND LANGUAGE: (English) Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, AND Time span=1980-2021
Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY (Benzene OR Toluene OR Ethylbenzene OR Xylenes OR Styrene) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Occupational exposure OR Industrial exposure OR Workplace exposure OR Chemical exposure) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Threshold limit value OR Occupational exposure limit OR Recommended exposure level OR Permissible exposure limit) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (West Asia OR Middle East OR Iran OR Afghanistan, Armenia OR Azerbaijan OR Yemen OR Israel OR Turkey OR Arab countries, Gulf Cooperation Council countries) AND PUBYEAR ≥ 1980
PubMed (Benzene [Title/Abstract] OR Toluene [Title/Abstract] OR Ethylbenzene [Title/Abstract] OR Xylenes [Title/Abstract] OR Styrene [Title/Abstract] OR Volatile Organic compound [Title/Abstract]) AND (Occupational exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Industrial exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Workplace exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Chemical exposure [Title/Abstract]) AND (Threshold limit value [Title/Abstract] OR Occupational exposure limit [Title/Abstract] OR Recommended exposure level [Title/Abstract] OR Permissible exposure limit [Title/Abstract]) AND (West Asia [All Fields] OR Middle East [All Fields] OR Iran [All Fields] OR Iraq [All Fields] OR Kuwait [All Fields] OR Syria [All Fields] OR Jordan [All Fields] OR Bahrain [All Fields] OR Lebanon [All Fields] OR Oman [All Fields] OR Qatar [All Fields] OR Saudi Arabia [All Fields] OR [All Fields] Afghanistan [All Fields], Armenia [All Fields] OR Azerbaijan [All Fields] OR Yemen [All Fields] OR Israel [All Fields] OR Turkey [All Fields] OR Palestine [All Fields]) Filters: from 1980/1/1 - 2020/6/30
Cochrane Library (Benzene [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Toluene [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Ethylbenzene [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Xylenes [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Styrene [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Volatile Organic compound [Title/Abstract]) AND (Occupational exposure [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Industrial exposure [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Workplace exposure [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Chemical exposure [Title Abstract Keywords]) AND (Threshold limit value [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Occupational exposure limit [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Recommended exposure level [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Permissible exposure limit [Title Abstract Keywords]) AND (West Asia [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Middle East [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Iran [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Afghanistan [Title Abstract Keywords], Armenia [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Azerbaijan [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Yemen [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Israel [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Turkey [Title Abstract Keywords] OR Arab countries [Title Abstract Keywords], Gulf Cooperation Council countries [Title Abstract Keywords]) Filters: from 1980/1/1 - 2020/6/30
CINAHL (EBSCO) (Benzene [Title/Abstract] OR Toluene [Title/Abstract] OR Ethylbenzene [Title/Abstract] OR Xylenes [Title/Abstract] OR Styrene [Title/Abstract] OR Volatile Organic compound [Title/Abstract]) AND (Occupational exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Industrial exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Workplace exposure [Title/Abstract] OR Chemical exposure [Title/Abstract]) AND (Threshold limit value [Title/Abstract] OR Occupational exposure limit [Title/Abstract] OR Recommended exposure level [Title/Abstract] OR Permissible exposure limit [Title/Abstract]) AND (West Asia [All Fields] OR Middle East [All Fields] OR Iran [All Fields] OR Iraq [All Fields] OR Kuwait [All Fields] OR Syria [All Fields] OR Jordan [All Fields] OR Bahrain [All Fields] OR Lebanon [All Fields] OR Oman [All Fields] OR Qatar [All Fields] OR Saudi Arabia [All Fields] OR [All Fields] Afghanistan [All Fields], Armenia [All Fields] OR Azerbaijan [All Fields] OR Yemen [All Fields] OR Israel [All Fields] OR Turkey [All Fields] OR Palestine [All Fields]) Filters: from 1980/1/1 - 2020/6/30
Embase TITLE-ABS-KEY (Benzene OR Toluene OR Ethylbenzene OR Xylenes OR Styrene OR Volatile Organic compound) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Occupational exposure OR Industrial exposure OR Workplace exposure OR Chemical exposure) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Threshold limit value OR TLV OR Occupational exposure limit OR OEL OR Recommended exposure level OR REL OR Permissible exposure limit OR PEL) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (West Asia OR Middle East OR Iran OR Iraq OR Kuwait OR Syria OR Jordan OR Bahrain OR Lebanon OR Oman OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Afghanistan, Armenia OR AND Azerbaijan OR Yemen OR Israel OR Turkey OR Palestine) PUB YEAR ≥ 1980
Science direct from inception TITLE-ABS-KEY (Benzene OR Toluene OR Ethylbenzene OR Xylenes OR Styrene OR Volatile Organic compound) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Occupational exposure OR Industrial exposure OR Workplace exposure OR Chemical exposure) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Threshold limit value OR TLV OR Occupational exposure limit OR OEL OR Recommended exposure level OR REL OR Permissible exposure limit OR PEL) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (West Asia OR Middle East OR Iran OR Iraq OR Kuwait OR Syria OR Jordan OR Bahrain OR Lebanon OR Oman OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Afghanistan, Armenia OR Azerbaijan OR Yemen OR Israel OR Turkey OR Palestine) AND PUB YEAR ≥ 1980

Occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene reported for oil-related and solvent-related professions in West Asian countries (mean ± SD, where available)

Country National OELs Industry Benzene (ppm) Toluene (ppm) Ethylbenzene (ppm) Xylenes (ppm) Styrene (ppm)
Qatar No Oil-related 0.39 7.02 0.75 0.32 -
Solvent-related 0.004 0.012 0.0046 0.016 -
Kuwait No Oil-related 0.23 0.144 0.085 0.16 -
Solvent-related 0.003±0.038 0.03±0.05 0.0063±0.03 0.162±0.09 -
Iran Yes Oil-related 1.165±0.69*,# 5.87±8.18 2.28±8.93 12.104±17.7 3.588±4.52
Solvent-related 0.785±0.49*,# 4.53±4.01 4.34±5.11 10.56±12.28 9.585±3.70
Turkey Yes Oil-related 1.33*,# 0.051 0.015 0.041 0.0057
(except for styrene) Solvent-related - - - - -
Saudi No Oil-related 11.7* 4.09 - 3.97 -
Arabia Solvent-related 0.0067 0.253 0.022 0.73 -
Israel No Oil-related 0.41 - - - -
Solvent-related - - - - -

Summary of occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene in West Asian countries from data gathered from 49 published articles between 1999 and 2021 (mean ± SD)

References Publication type Country Type of sampling Industry or workplace Number of workers (exposed vs unexposed) Concentration (ppm) Mean ± SD
Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene
(Alabdulhadi et al., 2019) (24) Cross-sectional Kuwait Static Printing industry - 0.0028±0.076 0.062±0.101 0.118±0.071 0.311±0.174 -
(Alfoldy et al., 2019) (25) Cross-sectional Qatar Static Traffic Petrochemical police, - 0.038±0.025 0.07±0.05 0.007±0.009 0.009±0.007 -
(Al-Harbi et al., 2020) (7) Cross-sectional Kuwait Static Gasoline station - 0.23±0.062 0.144±0.07 0.085±0.07 0.16±0.12 -
(Azari et al., 2012) (26) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Shoe factory 12 (12:0) 1.33±0.11*,# 14.24±1.77 - - -
(Baghani et al., 2018) (27) Cross-sectional Iran Static Beauty salon - 0.01±0.009 0.0045±0.0041 0.0143±0.007 0.0031 ±0.002 -
(Bagham et al., 2019) (28) Cross-sectional Iran Static Gas station & CNG - 0.145±0.045 0.231±0.053 0.113±0.031 0.209±0.016 -
(Bahrami et al., 2007) (29) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrol station 145 (80:65) 1.41±0.80*,# - - - -
(Bakhtian et al., 2018) (30) Cross-sectional Iran Static Taxi driver - 0.088±0.008 0.088±0.011 0.073±0.009 0.126±0.015 -
(BakoIlu et al., 2004) (31) Cross-sectional Turkey Static Incinerator Waste - 1.33±0.08*,# 0.051±0.003 0.015±0.03 0.041 ±0.08 0.0057
(Dehgham et al., 2020) (32) Cohort Iran Personal Steel factory 372 (372:0) 2.17±0.11*,# 4.08±3.25 0.32±1.39 1.38± 1.35 -
(El-Hashemy and Ali, 2018) (33) Cross-sectional Arabia Saudi Static Printing copy centre and - 0.0067±0.002 0.253±0.032 0.022±0.005 0.73±0.005 -
(Farshad et al., 2014) (34) Cross-sectional Iran Static Waste hospital disposal in - 0.57±0.1*,# 1.23±1.1 1.18± 1.2 0.58±0.6 -
(Golbabaei et al., 2018) (35) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Automobile Industry 40 (36:4) 0.96±0.05*,# 0.28±0.08 2±0.2 3.02±0.08 -
(Golkhorshidi et al., 2019) (36) Cross-sectional Iran Static Bus terminal driver: - 0.108±0.001 0.235±0.002 0.188±0.001 0.304±0.06 -
(Hadei et al., 2018) (37) Case-control Iran Static Beauty salon - 0.0034±0.002 0.0026±0.0018 0.0054±0.004 0.0043±0.006 -
(Harati et al., 2018) (38) Case-control Iran Personal Automobile Industry 80 (40:40) 0.775±0.12*,# 1.2±2.08 45.8±8.5 42.5±23.9 -
(Harati et al., 2020) (39) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 50 (50:0) 2.12±0.95*,# 9.84±2.53 - 11.87±4.44 -
(Heibati et al., 2018) (4) Cross-sectional Iran Personal transfer Petroleum station 50 (50:0) 2.7±2.91*,# 4.07±3.65 0.535±0.412 0.752±0.812 -
(Hormozi et al., 2019) (9) Case-control Iran Personal Printing industry 84 (44:40) - 37.64±24.09*,# - 105±20.05*,# -
(Hosseini et al., 2015) (40) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Tyre Factory 100 (100:0) 1.88±1.37*,# 3.2±2.79 - - -
(Jalai et al., 2017) (10) Cross-sectional Iran Personal industry Chemical & police officer 260 (185:75) 1.56±0.34*,# - - -
(Javadi et al., 2017) (41) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrol station 24 (24:0) 0.56±0.102*,# 0.242±0.033 0.223±0.041 0.109±0.025 -
(Karbasi et al., 2020) (42) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Oil pit worker 40 (40:0) 0.82±0.38*,# - - - -
(Maghsodi Moghadam et al., 2013) (43) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 204 (204:0) 2.0±8.3*,# 0.27±0.50 0.16±0.59 0.8±2.7 -
(Mohamadyan et al., 2019) (44) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Plastic industry 53 (53:0) - - - - 19.56±9.03
(Mohammadyan and Baharfar, 2015) (45) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Pesticide production factory 100 (100:0) - 4.7±5.5 -
(Mohammadyan et al., 2019) (46) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Electronic industry 59 (59:0) - - - - 18.68±5.68
(Moradi et al., 2019) (47) Case-control Iran Personal Beauty salon 72 (36:36) 0.015±0.019 0.31±0.36 0.017±0.021 0.055±0.051 -
(Moradpour et al., 2017) (48) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 358 (358:0) 1.08±1.46*,# 9.19±1.68 11.56±2.94 8.88±2.46 8.45±8.29
(Moshiran et al., 2021) (49) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 50 (50:0) - - - - 0.455±0.392
(Moslem et al., 2020) (50) Cross-sectional Iran Static Surgery room - 0.003±0.0005 0.002±0.0004 0.004±0.0006 0.001±0.0003 -
(Nabizadeh et al., 2020) (51) Cross-sectional Iran Static Paper recycling - 0.27±0.01 0.28±0.01 0.151±0.02 1.7±0.007 -
(Nassiri and Golbabai, 1999) (52) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Paint industry 54 (54:0) - 11.2±7.3 20.2±4.1 -
(Nazarparvar-Noshadi et al., 2021) (11) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Tyre factory 38 (38:0) 2.306±2.63*,# 8.65±7.7 0.07±0.09 0.10±0.14 0.07±0.08
(Neghab et al., 2015) (12) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrol station 60 (60:0) 0.25±0.083 0.39±0.071 - 0.69±0.36 -
(Omidi et al., 2019) (53) Cross-sectional Iran Personal slaughterhouse Poultry 20 (20:0) 1.34±0.75*,# 3.65±1.12 15.4±0.68 - -
(Partovi et al., 2018) (54) Cross-sectional Israel Personal Petrol station 258 (258:0) 0.41±0.18*,# - - - -
(Rahimpoor et al., 2014) (1) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 104 (104:0) 1.19±0.63*,# 1.3±4.74 - 3.2±7.94 -
(Rahimpour et al., 2018) (55) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical and petroleum depot industry 84 (84:0) 0.657±0.791*,# 12.42±5.95 - 32.24±22.1 -
(Ramadan, 2010) (56) Cross-sectional Kuwait Static Police officer - 0.004±0.001 0.01±0.008 0.0026±0.003 0.0138±0.008 -
(Rashnuodi et al., 2021) (57) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 30 (30:0) 1.28±2.10*,# 2.62±4.50 4.45±7.35 2.41 ±1.07 -
(Rezazadeh Azari et al., 2012) (58) Case-control Iran Personal Petroleum industry depot 78 (46:32) 1.63±3.92*,# 2.72±19.33 0.46±1.61 3.53±10.84 -
(Rostami et al., 2021) (59) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Printing copy centre and 136 (136:0) 0.029±0.019 0.039±0.026 0.007±0.0038 0.006±0.003 -
(Salama et al., 2020) (60) Cross-sectional Saudi Arabia Static Petrol station - 11.7±3.1* 4.09±1.09 - 3.97±2.25 -
(Salehpour et al., 2019) (61) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 80 (40:40) 1.03±1.40*,# 5.6±13.66 - 8.19±22.20 3.48±10.75
(Sarkhosh et al., 2012) (62) Cross-sectional Iran Static Printing copy centre and - 0.0257±0.029 0.0713±0.0328 0.0083±0.056 0.0063±0.024 0.0316±0.0352
(Shanh et al., 2017) (63) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrochemical industry 169 (169:0) 1.25±2.28*,# 1.21±4.17 2.975±6.125 3.6±4.32 1.97±3.01
(Yaghmaien et al., 2019) (64) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Landfill plant - 0.009±0.005 0.011±0.006 0.014±0.009 0.024±0.014 -
(Zoleikha et al., 2017) (65) Cross-sectional Iran Personal Petrol station 15 (15:0) 1.28±0.447*,# 0.337±0.71 0.124±0.13 0.092±0.012 -

Comparison of existing OELs and DNELs of BTEX and styrene by institutions and countries

Institution or country Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene (isomers) Styrene
mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm
ACGIH, USA 1.6 0.5 75.37 20 86.84 20 434.19 100 85.19 20
OSHA, USA 3.19 1 376.85 100 434.22 100 434.19 100 212.99 50
NIOSH, USA 0.32 0.1 753.7 200 434.22 100 434.19 100 425.97 100
Australia 3.19 1 188.43 50 434.22 100 347.35 80 (monomer) 212.99 (monomer) 50
Brazil - - 293.94 78 338.69 78 338.67 78 - -
Canada 1.6 0.5 75.37 20 86.84 20 434.19 100 (monomer) 149.09 (monomer) 35
Japan 3.19 1 188.43 50 86.84 20 217.1 50 85.19 20
South Korea 3.19 1
MAK, Germany - - 188.43 50 86.84 20 217.1 50 85.19 20
AGS, Germany 1.92 0.6 - - - - - - - -
Netherlands (0.19*) 0.7 (0.06*) 0.22 150.74 40 214.07 49.3 217.1 50
Poland 1.6 0.5 99.87 26.5 198.87 45.8 99.86 23 49.84 11.7
United Kingdom 3.19 1 188.43 50 434.22 100 217.1 50 425.97 100
European Union 0.32 0.1 188.43 50 434.22 100 217.1 50 - -
REACH RAC 0.16 0.05 - - - - - - - -
REACH DNELs** 0.8 0.25 192 50 77 100 221 50 85 23.5
Iran 1.6 0.5 75.37 20 86.84 20 434.19 100 85.19 20
Turkey 0.32 0.1 188.43 50 434.22 100 217.1 50 - -
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